scholarly journals Differences in cardiorespiratory responses of young and senior male endurance athletes to maximal graded exercise test

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-454
Author(s):  
M. Michalis ◽  
K.J. Finn ◽  
R. Podstawski ◽  
S. Gabnai ◽  
Á. Koller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

AbstractWithin recent years the popularity of sportive activities amongst older people, particularly competitive activities within certain age groups has increased. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in the cardiorespiratory output at anaerobic threshold and at maximal power, output during an incremental exercise, among senior and young athletes. Ten elderly male subjects [mean (SD) age: 68.45 ± 9.32 years] and eight young male subjects [mean (SD) age: 25.87 ± 5.87 years] performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill ergometer. No significant differences in body size were evident; however, the differences between the groups for peak power (451.62 ± 49 vs. 172.4 ± 32.2 W), aerobic capacity (57.97 ± 7.5 vs. 40.36 ± 8.6 mL kg−1 min−1), maximal heart rate (190.87 ± 9.2 vs. 158.5 ± 9.1 beats min−1), peak blood lactate (11 ± 1.7 vs. 7.3 ± 1.4 mmol L−1), and % VO2max at ventilatory thresholds (93.18 ± 4.3 vs. 79.29 ± 9.9%) were significantly lower in the senior athletes. The power output at anaerobic threshold was also higher (392 ± 48 vs. 151 ± 23 W) in the young athletes, explaining the significant difference in terms of performance between these groups. We have observed an evident deterioration in some of the cardiovascular parameters; however, the submaximal exercise economy seems to be preserved with aging. Exercise economy (i.e. metabolic cost of sustained submaximal exercise) was not different considerably with age in endurance-trained adults.

A Method for the Evaluation of Anaerobic Threshold Based on Heart Rate Dynamics during Incremental Exercise Test and Recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
A. V. Kozlov ◽  
A. V. Yakushkin ◽  
R. S. Andreev ◽  
A. V. Vavaev ◽  
R. V. Yurikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Incremental Exercise Test ◽  
Heart Rate Dynamics

Reduced Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Post-Menopausal Overweight-Obese Women with Higher Lipid Accumulation Product Index

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (08) ◽  
pp. 556-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Stein ◽  
Igor Martins Silva ◽  
Gilson P. Dorneles ◽  
Fabio Santos Lira ◽  
Pedro Romão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Test ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Incremental Exercise Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Menopausal

Abstract Background and Aims The main aim of this study was to analyze how the lipid accumulation affects the whole-body fat oxidation over a range of intensities during a submaximal incremental exercise test in post-menopausal overweight-obese women. Patients and Methods The maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the intensity where the MFO occurs (FatMax), fat oxidation were measured over a range of intensities during a submaximal incremental exercise test through indirect calorimetry in 60 postmenopausal overweight-obese women (aged>49 years; body mass index 28.0 to 39.0 kg/m²). The metabolic profile of participants was evaluated and the LAP index was calculated (waist-58×triglycerides [mmol/L]). A cutoff point of 34.5 was adopted and participant were designed as low LAP index (n=30) or high LAP index (n=30). Results During submaximal exercise postmenopausal overweight-obese women with low LAP index showed a higher fat oxidation at 50% (0.53±0.05 vs. 0.45±0.12 g/min; p=0.01), 60% (0.40±0.06 vs. 0.31±0.16 g/min; p=0.02) and 70% (0.34±0.08 vs. 0.25±0.15 g/min; p=0.03) of VO2Peak than those with high LAP index. No significant difference was observed in carbohydrate oxidation between groups (p>0.05) during exercise. Moreover, a significant difference in absolute MFO (p=0.018), MFO relative to free fat mass (p=0.043) and FatMax (p=0.002) was identified. Conclusion Postmenopausal overweight-obese women who showed unhealthy metabolic phenotype evaluated through LAP index presented low fat oxidation during a submaximal incremental exercise.

Breathing pattern during maximal exercise and during submaximal exercise with hypercapnia

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Gallagher ◽  
E. Brown ◽  
M. Younes
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Very High

During progressive exercise ventilation (VI) initially increases through increases in both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) but at high levels of exercise further increases in VI are almost completely due to increases in f and a VT plateau is seen. We wished to determine whether the presence of the VT plateau is due to a tachypneic influence related to very high levels of exercise or whether it represents a stereotypic response of the respiratory system at high levels of VI. We therefore compared breathing pattern in six subjects during maximal incremental exercise (ME) with that in the same subjects when similar levels of VI were obtained by a combination of submaximal exercise and hypercapnia (E/CO2). A VT plateau was seen in all ME and E/CO2 tests. There was no significant difference in the level of the VT plateau between the ME (2.93 +/- 0.17 liters) and E/CO2 (2.97 +/- 0.12 liters) tests. We conclude that the presence and level of the VT plateau during ME is not due to a tachypneic stimulus related to very high levels of exercise but is a function of the level of VI.

Reliability and Validity of a New Variable-Power Performance Test in Road Cyclists

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avish P. Sharma ◽  
Adrian D. Elliott ◽  
David J. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Test ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Incremental Exercise Test ◽  
Power Cycling ◽  
Variable Power ◽  
Physiological Attributes ◽  
Mean Power Output

Context:Road cycle racing is characterized by significant variability in exercise intensity. Existing protocols attempting to model this aspect display inadequate variation in power output. Furthermore, the reliability of protocols representative of road cycle racing is not well known. There are also minimal data regarding the physiological parameters that best predict performance during variable-power cycling.Purpose:To determine the reliability of mean power output during a new test of variable-power cycling and establish the relationship between physiological attributes typically measured during an incremental exercise test and performance during the variable-power cycling test (VCT).Methods:Fifteen trained male cyclists (mean ± SD age 33 ± 6.5 y, VO2max 57.9 ± 4.8 mL · kg−1 · min−1) performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion for determination of physiological attributes, 2 VCTs (plus familiarization), and a 30-km time trial. The VCT was modeled on data from elite men’s road racing and included significant variation in power output.Results:Mean power output during the VCT showed good reliability (r = .92, CV% = 1.98). Relative power during the self-paced sections of the VCT was most correlated with maximal aerobic power (r = .79) and power at the second ventilatory threshold (r = .69). Blood lactate concentration showed poor reliability between trials (CV% = 13.93%).Conclusions:This study has demonstrated a new reliable protocol simulating the stochastic nature of road cycling races. Further research is needed to determine which factors predict performance during variable-power cycling and the validity of the test in monitoring longitudinal changes in cycling performance.

Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Davis ◽  
P. Vodak ◽  
J. H. Wilmore ◽  
J. Vodak ◽  
P. Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Arm Cranking ◽  
College Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leg Cycling

Alterations in selected respiratory gas exchange parameters have been proposed as sensitive, noninvasive indices of the onset of metabolic acidosis(anaerobic threshold (AT) during incremental exercise. Our purposes were toinvestigate the validity and feasibility of AT detection using routine laboratory measures of gas exchange, i.e., nonlinear increases in VE and VCO2 and abrupt increases in FEO2. Additionally, we examined the comparability ofthe AT and VO2 max among three modes of exercise (arm cranking, leg cycling, and treadmill walk-running) with double determinations obtained from 30 college-age, male volunteer subjects. The AT's for arm cranking, leg cycling, and treadmill walk-running occurred at 46.5 +/- 8.9 (means +/- SD), 63.8 +/- 9.0, and 58.6 +/- 5.8% of VO2 max, respectively. No significant difference was found between the leg exercise modes (cycling and walk-running) forthe AT while all pairwise arm versus leg comparisons were significantly different. Using nine additional subjects performing leg cycling tests, a significant correlation of r = 0.95 was found between gas exchange AT measurements (expressed as % VO2 max) and venous blood lactate AT measurements (% VO2 max). We conclude that the gas exchange AT is a valid and valuable indirect method for the detection of the development of lactic acidosis during incremental exercise.

Anaerobic Threshold Determination With Analysis of Salivary Amylase

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Calvo ◽  
José L. Chicharro ◽  
Fernando Bandrés ◽  
Alejandro Lucía ◽  
Margarita Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Laboratory Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to determine the anaerobic threshold from analysis of amylase concentration in total saliva during a laboratory exercise test. Each of 20 healthy young men performed both a submaximal and a maximal test on a treadmill. During the submaximal test, capillary blood and total saliva samples were collected for determination of anaerobic threshold (AT) and saliva threshold (Tsa), respectively. Tsa was defined as the point at which the first continuous increase in amylase concentration occurred during exercise. The results showed no significant difference between values of AT and Tsa when both were expressed either as running velocity or as heart rate. In addition, there existed a high correlation between AT and Tsa (r = .93, p < .001). It was therefore concluded that the analysis of amylase concentration in total saliva during exercise might be used as a valid new method for determining AT. Key words: exercise, anaerobic threshold, saliva

Interactive effects of body posture and exercise training on maximal oxygen uptake

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 596-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Ray ◽  
K. J. Cureton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

To determine the effect of posture on maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) and other cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise training, 16 male subjects were trained using high-intensity interval and prolonged continuous cycling in either the supine or upright posture 40 min/day 4 days/wk for 8 wk and 7 male subjects served as non-training controls. VO2 max measured during upright cycling and supine cycling, respectively, increased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 16.1 +/- 3.4 and 22.9 +/- 3.4% in the supine training group (STG) and by 14.6 +/- 2.0 and 6.0 +/- 2.0% in the upright training group (UTG). The increase in VO2 max measured during supine cycling was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the STG than in the UTG. The increase in VO2 max in the UTG was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) when measured during upright exercise than during supine exercise. However, there was no significant difference in posture-specific VO2 max adaptations in the STG. A postural specificity was also evident in other maximal cardiorespiratory variables (ventilation, CO2 production, and respiratory exchange ratio). In the UTG, maximal heart rate decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) only during supine cycling; there was no significant difference in maximal heart rate after training in the STG. We conclude that posture affects maximal cardiorespiratory adaptations to cycle training. Additionally, supine training is more effective than upright training in increasing maximal cardiorespiratory responses measured during supine exercise, and the effects of supine training generalize to the upright posture to a greater extent than the effects of upright training generalize to the supine posture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of R-R time series accuracy on heart rate variability indexes

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Johan Cassirame ◽  
Simon Chevrolat ◽  
Laurent Mourot
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Times Series ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Male Subjects

Our study aims to quantify the effect of inaccuracy in the R-R times series on heart rate variability (HRV) indexes. Starting from 75 series measured in supine, standing and submaximal exercise situations in 25 healthy male subjects, we generated 15 new R-R time series with accuracy from ±2 to 30 ms. HRV analyses was performed on the 1200 obtained series and compared with the results of the original series. The results showed that during supine, HRV indexes were moderately affected by inaccuracy up to ±30 ms. However, during standing, the indexes were affected to a greater degree and it was even more evident during exercise: in this later case significant difference in the root mean square of successive standard deviations (rMSSD), a commonly used parasympathetic index in sport sciences for both health and performance purposes, were observed when inaccuracy was equal or greater than 4 ms. Also, a relationship between inaccuracy and rMSSD was highlighted: the lower the rMSSD, the greater the error. Our study underscored the importance of the accuracy of R-R measurement for heart rate variability and provides recommendation regarding technology and measurement errors on final results.

Heart Rate During an Exercise Test and Acute High-intensity Interval Training in Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (06) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Omar Andrade-Mayorga ◽  
Rodrigo Mancilla ◽  
Erik Díaz ◽  
Cristian Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Incremental Exercise Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Intensity Interval

AbstractTo describe and compare the acute heart rate changes during an incremental exercise test and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in subjects of different glucose control. Seventy-five adults were allocated into three groups: Normoglycaemic (NG, n=32), Pre- (PreT2D, n=30) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D, n=13) subjects. Subjects performed an incremental cycling test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), maximum heart rate (HRmax) and HR recovery post maximal effort, as well as a HIIT cycling session. HR variations are reported as HR pre (HR-preINT), and post interval (HR-postINT), percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax), delta of HR increased (∆HRINT), and delta HR recovery after each interval (∆HRR). By groups, there was a significant difference for the %HRmax in 1st and 2nd, but not in intervals 3rd to 10th between Pre-T2D and T2D groups. There were significant differences for the %HRmax in 1st to 2nd intervals between Pre-T2D and T2D groups. Significant (P<0.05) differences at some intervals were found for ΔHRINT, and ΔHRR. These findings suggest that the HR during an incremental exercise test, and from a typical 10-intervals based HIIT protocol could be used as an intensity marker for individuals independent of their glycaemic control.

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