Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other  aspects of the metabolic syndrome

This study was designed to examine the effects of a high-fat refined-sugar (HFS) or a low-fat complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) diet on insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose transport, plasma insulin, blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, plasma glycerol, body weight, and body fat in female Fischer rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was significantly reduced in the HFS group at 2 wk, 2 mo, and 2 yr, whereas serum insulin was significantly elevated at all time points. Blood pressure was not significantly elevated in the HFS group until 12 mo, and all HFS animals were hypertensive by 18 mo. Glycerol, triglycerides, and abdominal fat cell size were not significantly different at 2 wk but were significantly elevated in the HFS rats at 2 and 6 mo. Body weight was similar in both groups until 20 wk on the diet, when the HFS rats started to gain more weight. These results demonstrate that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia occur before the other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome and that diet, not obesity, is the underlying cause.

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Abstract P088: Obesity, Hypertension and Insulin Resistance in a Primary Pediatric Setting in Southern Italy

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p088 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Giampaolo De Filippo ◽

Domenico Rendina ◽

Domenico Viggiano ◽

Antonio Fasolino ◽

Paola Sabatini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Weight ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Obese Children ◽

Campania Region

Background: Obesity is the main risk factor for essential hypertension (EH) in childhood. The O.Si.Me. study (Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in children and adolescents) evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its constitutive traits in a sample of obese children and adolescents living in Campania, southern Italy. Patients and methods: Four hundred and fifteen children and adolescents consecutively referred to the National Health Service participating Outpatient Clinics for minor health problems and found to have a Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score > 2.0 were enrolled in the study. The entire sample was screened for MetS, which was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the following alterations in addition to obesity: fasting hyperglycemia, low levels of high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and EH. The present analysis evaluated the clinical characteristics of the O.Si.Me subgroup of EH participants (systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥ 95 th percentile for age, gender and height) as compared with normotensive participants. Results: The prevalence of EH in the O.Si.Me population was 23.6 % (98/415, 48M and 50F.) and two-thirds of the EH participants met the MetS diagnostic criteria. The EH participants featured serum insulin and HOMA-IR levels significantly higher compared with normotensive ones (11.6±0.6 vs. 9.5±0.4 μIU/ml, p = 0.014; 2.6±0.1 vs. 2.2±0.1, p = 0.028 for insulin and HOMA-IR, respectively). These differences were common to boys and girls and remained significant after correction for age, pubertal stage, body weight, length, BMI, gestational age at birth, duration of breastfeeding and anthropometric parental parameters. Accordingly, children and adolescents with EH had a a relative risk of being insulin resistant (defined as a HOMA-IR ≥2.5) significantly greater compared to those without. Moreover, they exhibited higher serum creatinine levels (53.8±7.1 vs. 35.4±6.8 μmol/l, p=0.025) accounting for gender and body weight. Conclusions: More than a quarter of obese children and adolescents meet the diagnostic criteria for EH in the Campania region in southern Italy. These obese boys and girls have an increased prevalence of insulin resistance and apparently an initial reduction in renal function compared with obese children and adolescents with normal BP.

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High TSH Level within Normal Range Is Associated with Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Inflammation, Hypercoagulability, and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Novel Cardiometabolic Marker

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8060817 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 817 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yi-Cheng Chang ◽

Shih-Che Hua ◽

Chia-Hsuin Chang ◽

Wei-Yi Kao ◽

Hsiao-Lin Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Reference Group ◽

Elevated Blood ◽

Normal Range ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

(1) Background: Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with increased cardiometabolic risks. Here we further explore whether thyroid function within normal range is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population-based study. (2) Methods: We screened 24,765 adults participating in health examinations in Taiwan. Participants were grouped according to high-sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone (hsTSH) level as: <50th percentile (0.47–1.48 mIU/L, the reference group), 50–60th percentile (1.49–1.68 mIU/L), 60–70th percentile (1.69–1.94 mIU/L), 70–80th percentile (1.95–2.3 mIU/L), 80–90th percentile (2.31–2.93 mIU/L), and >90th percentile (>2.93 mIU/L). Cardiometabolic traits of each percentile were compared with the reference group. (3) Results: Elevated hsTSH levels within normal range were dose-dependently associated with increased body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumferences, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high homeostasis model of assessment of beta-cell (HOMA-β), triglycerides, total cholesterols, fibrinogen, and uric acids (p-for-trend <0.001), but not with fasting glucose levels. The association remained significant after adjustment of age, sex, and lifestyle. As compared to the reference group, subjects with the highest hsTSH percentile had significantly increased risk of being overweight (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 1.35), increased body fat (adjOR: 1.29), central obesity (adjOR: 1.36), elevated blood pressure (adjOR: 1.26), high HbA1c (adjOR: 1.20), hyperinsulinemia (adjOR: 1.75), increased HOMA-IR (adjOR: 1.45), increased HOMA-β (adjOR: 1.40), hypertriglyceridemia (adjOR: 1.60), hypercholesterolemia (adjOR: 1.25), elevated hsCRP (adjOR: 1.34), increased fibrinogen (adjOR: 1.45), hyperuricemia (adjOR: 1.47), and metabolic syndrome (adjOR: 1.42), but significant risk of low fasting glucose (adjOR: 0.89). Mediation analysis indicates that insulin resistance mediates the majority of the association between thyroid hormone status and the metabolic syndrome. (4) Conclusion: Elevated hsTSH within the normal range is a cardiometabolic risk marker associated with central obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, inflammation, and hypercoagulability.

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Electronic Cigarette Use and Metabolic Syndrome Development: A Critical Review

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics8040105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Ilona Górna ◽

Marta Napierala ◽

Ewa Florek

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Critical Review ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

The Impact

The metabolic syndrome is a combination of several metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including quitting smoking, are recommended to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Not much research has been conducted in the field of e-cigarettes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, taking into account the influence of e-cigarettes vaping on the individual components of metabolic syndrome, i.e, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevated arterial blood pressure, the results are also ambiguous. This article is a review and summary of existing reports on the impact of e-cigarettes on the development of metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components. A critical review for English language articles published until 30 June 2020 was made, using a PubMed (including MEDLINE), Cochrane, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science data. The current research indicated that e-cigarettes use does not affect the development of insulin resistance, but could influence the level of glucose and pre-diabetic state development. The lipid of profile an increase in the TG level was reported, while the influence on the level of concentration of total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and HDL fraction differed. In most cases, e-cigarettes use increased the risk of developing abdominal obesity or higher arterial blood pressure. Further research is required to provide more evidence on this topic.

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The metabolic syndrome of fructose-fed rats: Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated ω3 and ω6 fatty acids. II. Time course of changes in food intake, body weight, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and insulin resistance

International Journal of Molecular Medicine ◽

10.3892/ijmm.2011.789 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Willy Malaisse

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Time Course ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Long Chain

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Effects of pharmacological reversal of hyperuricemia on features of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gouty arthritis

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.1136/jim-2018-000728 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 1031-1036

Author(s):

Mariana Marin ◽

Naim M Maalouf

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gouty Arthritis ◽

Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Serum Triglycerides ◽

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Hyperuricemia has been associated in epidemiological studies with the development of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether lowering of serum uric acid (UA) alters any of the features of the metabolic syndrome. In this prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01654276), 24 patients with gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia were treated for 6 months with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat to lower serum UA to <6 mg/dL. Measurements of 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and serum and urine markers of the metabolic syndrome were measured at baseline and at the end of 6 months of febuxostat. The study population consisted of 18 men and 6 women, 18 of which completed the baseline and 6 months visits. Serum UA decreased significantly from 8.7±1.5 mg/dL at baseline to 4.4±1.1 mg/dL at 6 months (P<0.0001). During that time frame, there was no significant change in body mass index, systolic or diastolic blood pressure measured by 24 hours ABP monitor, serum glucose, insulin or homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, serum total and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum triglycerides or urine pH (P>0.05 for all). There was no correlation between parameters of the metabolic syndrome and the decline in serum UA or serum UA achieved at study end. In conclusion, in patients with gouty arthritis, UA lowering with febuxostat below 6 mg/dL had no significant impact on features of the metabolic syndrome.

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Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10214866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 4866

Author(s):

Hwa-Sung Rim ◽

Myung-Gu Kim ◽

Dong-Choon Park ◽

Sung-Soo Kim ◽

Dae-Woong Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽

Sensorineural Hearing ◽

Health Examination ◽

Number Of Components ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Hearing Thresholds

The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss has increased along with increases in life expectancy and exposure to noisy environments. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of co-occurring conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes, along with other conditions that affect the blood vessels. Components of MetS include insulin resistance, body weight, lipid concentration, blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration, as well as other features of insulin resistance such as microalbuminuria. MetS has become a major public health problem affecting 20–30% of the global population. This study utilized health examination to investigate whether metabolic syndrome was related to hearing loss. Methods: A total of 94,223 people who underwent health check-ups, including hearing tests, from January 2010 to December 2020 were evaluated. Subjects were divided into two groups, with and without metabolic syndrome. In addition, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane libraries were systematically searched, using keywords such as “hearing loss” and “metabolic syndrome”, for studies that evaluated the relationship between the two. Results: Of the 94,223 subjects, 11,414 (12.1%) had metabolic syndrome and 82,809 did not. The mean ages of subjects in the two groups were 46.1 and 43.9 years, respectively. A comparison of hearing thresholds by age in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome showed that the average pure tone hearing thresholds were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in subjects without it in all age groups. (p < 0.001) Rates of hearing loss in subjects with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the components of metabolic syndrome were 7.9%, 12.1%, 13.8%, 13.8%, 15.5% and 16.3%, respectively, indicating a significant association between the number of components of metabolic syndrome and the rate of hearing loss (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio of hearing loss was significantly higher in subjects with four components of metabolic syndrome: waist circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride and fasting blood sugar concentrations (p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: The number of components of the metabolic syndrome is positively correlated with the rate of sensorineural hearing loss.

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Effects of chromosome 17 on features of the metabolic syndrome in the Lyon hypertensive rat

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00262.2007 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 212-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. Gilibert ◽

A. E. Kwitek ◽

N. Hubner ◽

M. Tschannen ◽

H. J. Jacob ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Weight ◽

Genetic Model ◽

Chromosome 17 ◽

Brown Norway ◽

Single Chromosome ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Glucose Ratio ◽

Significant Difference

The metabolic syndrome (involving obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and a proinflammatory/prethrombotic state) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Its incidence continues to rise, in part because of the epidemic increase in obesity. The Lyon hypertensive (LH) rat is a model for hypertension and several other features of the metabolic syndrome, having high body weight, plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides, increased insulin-to-glucose ratio, and salt-sensitive hypertension. Previous genetic studies in LH/Mav rats and a normotensive control (LN/Mav) identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on rat chromosome (RNO)17 for multiple features of the metabolic syndrome. To further evaluate the role of RNO17 in the LH rat, we generated a consomic strain (LH-17BN) by substituting LH RNO17 with that of the sequenced Brown Norway (BN/NHsdMcwi) rat. Male LH and BN rats and LH-17BN rats were characterized for blood pressure and metabolic and morphological parameters. Similar to the protective effect of LN alleles, the LH-17BN rat also showed decreased body weight, triglycerides, and blood pressure; however, there was no significant difference in cholesterol or insulin-to-glucose ratio. Therefore, the substitution of the LH chromosome 17 is sufficient to recapitulate some, but not all, of the traits previously mapped to this chromosome. This could be due to the lack of a susceptible LH genome background or due to the introgression of chromosome 17 from another strain. Regardless, this study provides a single-chromosome genetic model for further dissection of blood pressure and morphological and metabolic traits on this chromosome.

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Exercise Blood Pressure is associated with Insulin Resistance in subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome.

Canadian Journal of Diabetes ◽

10.1016/s1499-2671(08)24124-9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 330

Author(s):

V. Gaudreault ◽

N. Almeras ◽

J.P. DesprÉs ◽

A. Tremblay ◽

J. Bergeron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Exercise Blood Pressure

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LIGHT-ROASTED GREEN COFFEE EXTRACT IMPROVED ADIPONECTIN, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND METABOLIC PROFILE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME RAT MODEL

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i9.19329 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mifetika Lukitasari ◽

Dwi Adi Nugroho ◽

Mohammad Saifur Rohman ◽

Nur Ida Panca Nugrahini ◽

Teguh Wahyu Sardjono

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Weight ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Adiponectin Level ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Green Coffee

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of light-roasted green coffee bean extract (GCE) administration for 7 weeks on the improvement of metabolic profile, adiponectin level, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index in metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model.Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by a combination of high sucrose and high-fat diet for 8 weeks and streptozotocin injection in the 2nd week. The MS was confirmed by NCEP-ATP III criteria. They were divided into six weight-matched groups (n=5), normal control, MS, metformin and simvastatin-treated group (DMS), 100 and 200/body weight (bw) GCE (GCE 100 and GCE 200, respectively). The extracts were given through oral gavage daily for 7 weeks. The effect of GCE on body weight, serum glucose, triglyceride, (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was analyzed by colorimetric method. HOMA-IR index and adiponectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.Result: Fasting blood glucose, TG, and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p<0.05) in both GCE groups. Moreover, after 7 weeks, those parameters were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to that of MS group. Only GCE 100 group that showed a significant decrease in HDL level. GCE 100 mg/bw and 200 mg/bw group showed significantly higher adiponectin level compared to that of MS and DMS group. Furthermore, GCE 100, GCE 200, and DMS group showed a significant lower HOMA-IR index compared to that of MS group.Conclusion: 7 weeks GCE administration could decrease fasting blood glucose, profile lipid, blood pressure, and improved adiponectin level and HOMA-IR index.

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