scholarly journals Respiratory response to passive limb movement is suppressed by a cognitive task

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 2112-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Bell ◽  
James Duffin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Fast Increase

Feedback from muscles stimulates ventilation at the onset of passive movement. We hypothesized that central neural activity via a cognitive task source would interact with afferent feedback, and we tested this hypothesis by examining the fast changes in ventilation at the transition from rest to passive leg movement, under two conditions: 1) no task and 2) solving a computer-based puzzle. Resting breathing was greater in condition 2 than in condition 1, evidenced by an increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (18.2 ± 1.1 vs. 15.0 ± 1.2 breaths/min, P = 0.004) and ventilation (10.93 ± 1.16 vs. 9.11 ± 1.17 l/min, P < 0.001). In condition 1, the onset of passive movement produced a fast increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (change of 2.9 ± 0.4 breaths/min, P < 0.001), tidal volume (change of 233 ± 95 ml, P < 0.001), and ventilation (change of 6.00 ± 1.76 l/min, P < 0.001). However, in condition 2, the onset of passive movement only produced a fast increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (change of 1.3 ± 0.4 breaths/min, P = 0.045), significantly smaller than in condition 1 ( P = 0.007). These findings provide evidence for an interaction between central neural cognitive activity and the afferent feedback mechanism, and we conclude that the performance of a cognitive task suppresses the respiratory response to passive movement.

Instrumented Interface Construction Evaluator

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (17) ◽  
pp. 863-863
Author(s):  
James H. Hicinbothom
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Human Factors Engineering ◽  
User Models ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Window System ◽  
Development Tools ◽  
System User ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
User Actions

Human factors engineering research into human-computer interaction (HCI) needs means to easily and objectively study HCI. The Instrumented Interface Construction (IICON) Evaluator, and its associated IICON Data Taps, provide such means. Any X Window system user interface built using development tools for which appropriate IICON Data Taps exist (e.g., IICON Data Taps/TAE+5.2) can be automatically instrumented. Instrumented interfaces can then be used by subjects, recording a complete transcript of user actions. Once an operator's session has been recorded, it can be replayed on-screen as needed for further observation and analysis. These capabilities are extremely helpful for developing cognitive task models (i.e., user models) for analytic purposes, or for construction of Intelligent Agents to be embedded in the operator's computer-based workstation. Furthermore, with a complete objective record of all operator actions, IICON Evaluator supports a wide variety of research investigations of HCI.

The Success of Cognitive Activity of Students of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University with Different Levels of Anxietyin Different Time Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
A.I. Taleeva ◽  
◽  
I.T. Madumarova ◽  
N.V. Zvyagina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Personal Anxiety ◽  
Psychophysiological Testing ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Different Levels

The dynamic development of the modern world requires the processing and development of a large enough amount of information in a short period of time, which leads to a violation of the psychophysiological and psycho-emotional balance of the person. Violation of the psycho-emotional state leads to the development of increased anxiety. Students need to learn a lot of information in a very short time. The time limit affects students as a stress factor, leads to increased stress and therefore negatively affects the quality of work and in general on the whole body. The aim of the study is to determine the success of cognitive tasks by students of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University with different levels of anxiety in different time conditions. The study used a psychophysiological testing device to determine the level of situational and personal anxiety, to assess the psycho-emotional state used the technique of simple visual-motor reaction, to determine the success of the cognitive task were presented words with one missing letter.

scholarly journals Principal component analysis implementation for brainwave signal reduction based on cognitive activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azhari ◽  
Murein Miksa Mardhia
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Cumulative Rate ◽  
Main Component

Human has the ability to think that comes from the brain. Electrical signals generated by brain and represented in wave form.  To record and measure the activity of brainwaves in the form of electrical potential required electroencephalogram (EEG). In this study a cognitive task is applied to trigger a specific human brain response arising from the cognitive aspect.  Stimulation is given by using nine types of cognitive tasks including breath, color, face, finger, math, object, password thinking, singing, and sports. Principal component analysis (PCA) is implemented as a first step to reduce data and to get the main component of feature extraction results obtained from EEG acquisition. The results show that PCA succeeded reducing 108 existing datasets to 2 prominent factors with a cumulative rate of 65.7%. Factor 1 (F1) includes mean, standard deviation, and entropy, while factor 2 (F2) includes skewness and kurtosis.

A role for NMDA receptors in posthypoxic frequency decline in the rat

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (6) ◽  
pp. R1546-R1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon K. Coles ◽  
Paul Ernsberger ◽  
Thomas E. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nmda Receptor Activation

Posthypoxic frequency decline (PHFD) refers to the undershoot in respiratory frequency that follows brief hypoxic exposures. Lateral pontine neurons are required for PHFD. The neurotransmitters involved in the circuit that activate and/or are released by these pontine neurons regulating PHFD are unknown. We hypothesized that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are required for PHFD, because of the similarity in respiratory pattern after blocking lateral pontine activity or NMDA receptors. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the location of these NMDA receptors could be visualized by optimizing binding affinity with spermidine. In vagotomized, anesthetized rats ( n = 16), cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia (8% O2, 30–90 s) were recorded before and after dizocilpine (10 μg-1 mg/kg iv), and NMDA receptors were mapped with [3H]dizocilpine ( n = 6). Dizocilpine elicited a dose-related effect on PHFD, blocking PHFD at high doses. Resting arterial blood pressure and breathing frequency decreased with high doses of dizocilpine, but the respiratory response to hypoxia remained intact. Our novel anatomical data indicate that NMDA receptors were widespread but distributed differentially in the brain stem. We conclude that NMDA receptors are located in pontine and medullary respiratory-related regions and that PHFD requires NMDA-receptor activation.

scholarly journals Hyperadditive ventilatory response arising from interaction between the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex in healthy humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talita M. Silva ◽  
Liliane C. Aranda ◽  
Marcelle Paula-Ribeiro ◽  
Diogo M. Oliveira ◽  
Wladimir M. Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Muscle Mechanoreflex ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Stimulation Of

Physical exercise potentiates the carotid chemoreflex control of ventilation (VE). Hyperadditive neural interactions may partially mediate the potentiation. However, some neural interactions remain incompletely explored. As the potentiation occurs even during low-intensity exercise, we tested the hypothesis that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex could interact in a hyperadditive fashion. Fourteen young healthy subjects inhaled randomly, in separate visits, 12% O2 to stimulate the carotid chemoreflex and 21% O2 as control. A rebreathing circuit maintained isocapnia. During gases administration, subjects either remained at rest (i.e., normoxic and hypoxic rest) or the muscle mechanoreflex was stimulated via passive knee movement (i.e., normoxic and hypoxic movement). Surface muscle electrical activity did not increase during the passive movement, confirming the absence of active contractions. Hypoxic rest and normoxic movement similarly increased VE [change (mean ± SE) = 1.24 ± 0.72 vs. 0.73 ± 0.43 l/min, respectively; P = 0.46], but hypoxic rest only increased tidal volume (Vt), and normoxic movement only increased breathing frequency (BF). Hypoxic movement induced greater VE and mean inspiratory flow (Vt/Ti) increase than the sum of hypoxic rest and normoxic movement isolated responses (VE change: hypoxic movement = 3.72 ± 0.81 l/min vs. sum = 1.96 ± 0.83 l/min, P = 0.01; Vt/Ti change: hypoxic movement = 0.13 ± 0.03 l/s vs. sum = 0.06 ± 0.03 l/s, P = 0.02). Moreover, hypoxic movement increased both Vt and BF. Collectively, the results indicate that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex interacted, mediating a hyperadditive ventilatory response in healthy humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The main finding of this study was that concomitant carotid chemoreflex and muscle mechanoreflex stimulation provoked greater ventilation increase than the sum of ventilation increase induced by stimulation of each reflex in isolation, which, consequently, supports that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex interacted, mediating a hyperadditive ventilatory response in healthy humans.

scholarly journals Limb movement-induced hyperemia has a central hemodynamic component: evidence from a neural blockade study

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (5) ◽  
pp. H1693-H1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel D. Trinity ◽  
Markus Amann ◽  
John McDaniel ◽  
Anette S. Fjeldstad ◽  
Zachary Barrett-O'Keefe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Muscle Afferents ◽  
Limb Movement ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Central Hemodynamic ◽  
Hyperemic Response

The purpose of this investigation was to partially remove feedback from type III/IV skeletal muscle afferents and determine how this feedback influences the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive leg movement. Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, leg vascular conductance (LVC), and leg blood flow (LBF) were measured during 2 min of passive knee extension in eight young men before and after intrathecal fentanyl injection. Passive movement increased HR by 14 beats/min from baseline to maximal response during control (CON) (65 ± 4 to 79 ± 5 beats/min, P < 0.05), whereas HR did not significantly increase with the fentanyl block (BLK). LBF and LVC increased in both conditions; however, these increases were attenuated and delayed during BLK [%change from baseline to maximum, LBF: CON 295 ± 109 vs. BLK 210 ± 86%, ( P < 0.05); LVC: CON 322 ± 40% vs. BLK 231 ± 32%, ( P < 0.04)]. In CON, HR, SV, CO, and LVC increased contributing to the hyperemic response. However, under BLK conditions, statistically insignificant increases in HR and SV combined to yield a small, but significant, increase in CO and an attenuated hyperemic response. Therefore, partially blocking skeletal muscle afferent feedback blunts the central hemodynamic response due to passive limb movement, which then results in an attenuated and delayed movement-induced hyperemia. In combination, these findings provide evidence that limb movement-induced hyperemia has a significant central hemodynamic component induced by peripheral nerve activation.

Estimating Cognitive Complexity and the Need for Cognitive Task Analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (16) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. DeVries ◽  
Sallie E. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Task Analysis ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Specific Project

Because an increasing number of systems are being developed to support complex cognitive functioning, task analysis is commonly being augmented with cognitive task analysis, which identifies cognitive processes, knowledge, and mental models relevant to task performance. Cognitive task analysis tends to be lengthy and time-consuming, so designers frequently ask how they might know if it is actually necessary for a specific project. In this paper, we assume that much of the need for cognitive task analysis depends on the inherent “cognitive complexity” of the task. We present a model of cognitive complexity, and show how it was used to develop a computer-based tool for estimating relative cognitive complexity for a set of tasks. The tool, Cog-C, elicits task and subtask hierarchies, then guides the user in making relatively simple estimates on a number of scales. The tool calculates and displays the relative cognitive complexity scores for each task, along with subscores of cognitive complexity for different types of knowledge. Usability and reliability were evaluated in multiple domains, showing that the tool is relatively easy to use, reliable, and well-accepted.

scholarly journals Prior Acute Mental Exertion in Exercise and Sport

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Lopes e Silva-Júnior ◽  
Patrick Emanuel ◽  
Jordan Sousa ◽  
Matheus Silva ◽  
Silmar Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
Psychophysiological State ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mental Exertion

Introduction:Mental exertion is a psychophysiological state caused by sustained and prolonged cognitive activity. The understanding of the possible effects of acute mental exertion on physical performance, and their physiological and psychological responses are of great importance for the performance of different occupations, such as military, construction workers, athletes (professional or recreational) or simply practicing regular exercise, since these occupations often combine physical and mental tasks while performing their activities. However, the effects of implementation of a cognitive task on responses to aerobic exercise and sports are poorly understood. Our narrative review aims to provide information on the current research related to the effects of prior acute mental fatigue on physical performance and their physiological and psychological responses associated with exercise and sports.Methods:The literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and PsycInfo using the following terms and their combinations: “mental exertion”, “mental fatigue”, “mental fatigue and performance”, “mental exertion and sports” “mental exertion and exercise”.Results:We concluded that prior acute mental exertion affects effectively the physiological and psychophysiological responses during the cognitive task, and performance in exercise.Conclusion:Additional studies involving prior acute mental exertion, exercise/sports and physical performance still need to be carried out in order to analyze the physiological, psychophysiological and neurophysiological responses subsequently to acute mental exertion in order to identify cardiovascular factors, psychological, neuropsychological associates.

scholarly journals Attenuated beta rebound to proprioceptive afferent feedback in Parkinson’s disease

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel C. Vinding ◽  
Panagiota Tsitsi ◽  
Harri Piitulainen ◽  
Josefine Waldthaler ◽  
Veikko Jousmäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Proprioceptive Stimulation ◽  
Proprioceptive Function

AbstractMotor symptoms are defining traits in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A crucial component in motor function and control of movements is the integration of efferent signals from the motor network to the peripheral motor system, and afferent proprioceptive sensory feedback. Previous studies have indicated abnormal movement-related cortical oscillatory activity in PD, but the role of the proprioceptive afference on abnormal oscillatory activity in PD has not been elucidated. In the present study, we examine the role of proprioception by studying the cortical processing of proprioceptive stimulation in PD patients, ON/OFF levodopa medication, as compared to that of healthy controls (HC). We used a proprioceptive stimulator that generated precisely controlled passive movements of the index finger and measured the induced cortical oscillatory responses following the proprioceptive stimulation using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Both PD patients and HC showed a typical initial mu/beta-band (8–30 Hz) desynchronization during the passive movement. However, the subsequent beta rebound after the passive movement that was apparent in HC was much attenuated and almost absent in PD patients. Furthermore, we found no difference in the degree of beta rebound attenuation between patients ON and OFF levodopa medication. Our results hence demonstrate a disease-related deterioration in cortical processing of proprioceptive afference in PD, and further suggest that such disease-related loss of proprioceptive function is due to processes outside the dopaminergic system affected by levodopa medication.

A Framework for Integrating Cognitive Task Analysis into the System Development Process

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott S. Potter ◽  
Emilie M. Roth ◽  
David D. Woods ◽  
William C. Elm
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Development Process ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Software Development Process ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Incremental Process

This paper describes a process that orchestrates different types of specific CTA techniques to provide design relevant CTA results and integrates CTA results into the software development process. Two fundamental premises underlie the approach. First, CTA is more than the application of any single CTA technique. Instead, developing a meaningful understanding of a field of practice relies on multiple converging techniques in a bootstrapping process. The important issue from a CTA perspective is to evolve a model of the interconnections between the demands of the domain, the strategies and knowledge of practitioners, the cooperative interactions across human and machine agents, and how artifacts shape these strategies and coordinative activities across a series of different specific techniques. Second, since CTA is a means to support the design of computer-based artifacts that enhance human and team performance, CTA must be integrated into the software and system development process. Thus, the vision of CTA as an initial, self-contained technique that is handed-off to system designers is reconceived as an incremental process of uncovering the cognitive demands imposed on the operator(s) by the complexities and constraints of the domain.

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