scholarly journals Genioglossal response to mechanical vibrations of the mandible and the submandibular muscles

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Ferhat Erdogan ◽  
Mesut Sahin
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Responses

The extrinsic tongue muscles are activated in coordination with pharyngeal muscles to dilate the airways as needed during breathing. The genioglossus (GG) activity is known to be modulated by several reflexes evoked via the mechanoreceptors of the upper airways. The primary objective of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of activating these reflex pathways using mechanical stimulation of the mandible or the submandibular muscles. In eight healthy subjects, 3-s long, 5-mm vertical mechanical vibrations were delivered at 8 and 12 Hz to the lower jaw in a seated position, while the GG EMG was recorded using a custom-made sublingual electrode, along with the activity of the masseter (MS) and mylohyoid (MH). All three muscle activities were significantly higher during stimulation compared with the baseline ( P < 0.02), and the increase was larger at 12 Hz versus 8 Hz ( P < 0.02). All three muscle responses had components that synchronized with the mechanical stimuli, but those of MS were much more strongly phase-locked to the vibrational cycle. In 10 healthy subjects, we also applied mechanical vibrations to the submandibular muscles at three different stimulation intensities, while subjects were lying in a supine position. The GG activity increased significantly above the baseline ( P = 0.026) in 9 out of 10 subjects, and the elevated activity persisted after termination of the stimulus for a few seconds. The results demonstrate that GG muscle responses can be evoked with mechanical vibrations applied to the lower jaw or the submandibular muscles in healthy subjects during wakefulness. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The evoked responses observed in the genioglossus (GG) activity during mechanical vibrations of the lower jaw or the submandibular muscles may lead to therapeutic applications for improving the patency of airways during sleep. The presence of these GG reflexes may also explain a mechanism by which the vibrations produced during snoring can help the airways stay open in individuals who may otherwise have obstructed airways in sleep.

Vibrations and spasticity

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Supplizi Marco ◽  
Barassi Giovanni ◽  
Visciano Christian Pasquale ◽  
Zincani Vlentina ◽  
Di Iulio Antonell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Passive Joint ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Good Improvement ◽  
Neurological Pathology ◽  
Ashworth Scale ◽  
Joint Evaluation

This experimental study aims to evaluate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed application method in the use of "focused mechanical vibrations" for the treatment of muscle spasticity. The basic concept of this study is that in spasticity, by specifically stimulating some clearly identifiable trigger points of the body, better results are obtained; in fact, with the localized mechanical-sound vibrations, by positioning the handpiece for the treatment on those specific points, immediate generalized relaxation of the entire spastic muscle is obtained through reflex pathways. To evaluate this operative reality we treated 5 subjects affected by neurological pathology with spasticity and at T0 time (before treatment) and at T1 time (immediately after treatment), they were assessed with Ashworth Scale, Passive joint evaluation, Evaluation of active motility, Test of Bahkta (for non-functioning hand), surface electromyography The subjects were treated with a 120Hz vibratory therapy handpiece for a total time of 15 minutes The data showed us a clear improvement of the parameters lost in the exam, in the less serious patients and a good improvement also in the most serious subjects.

639 Maximizing Safe Positioning of Upper Extremities after Axillary Burn Injuries to Prevent Contractures and Maintain Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S175-S176
Author(s):  
Connie Greiser ◽  
David Lorello ◽  
Dan Lyons ◽  
Karen J Richey ◽  
Derek Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shoulder Range

Abstract Introduction Burns crossing over a joint can result in a contracture of that joint. Axillary burns and subsequent contractures are common and may impact negatively on burn survivor rehabilitation. Positioning of burned extremities at the most lengthened position is ideal for maintenance of function and contracture prevention, 90 degrees of abduction is the most accepted position for axillary burn injuries. However, many activities of daily living require shoulder range of motion (ROM) greater than 90 degrees. The primary objective of this study was to describe and examine the incidence of paresthesia, pain, and intolerance in healthy subjects when the shoulder was placed in a position of 90 degrees or greater of shoulder abduction. Methods The subject’s nondominant upper extremity (NDE) was randomly placed in a series three of positions, including: (1) 90 degrees shoulder abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction with elbow extension, forearm neutral; (2) 130 degrees shoulder abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction, 30 degrees elbow flexion, forearm neutral; (3) 150 degrees shoulder abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction, 30 degrees elbow flexion, forearm neutral. Each position was maintained for a maximum of 2 hours. Subjects experiencing subjective symptoms including paresthesia lasting longer than 1 minute, pain rated greater than 3/10, and/or intolerance 2/5 was removed from the position. All subjects received at least 30 minutes of rest between positions. Results A total of 25 subjects were enrolled, mean age was 25.8 years, the majority were female (60%) and 20% had a history of NDE shoulder injury. The right arm was the dominant extremity (DE) in 88% of subjects. There were no significant differences in ROM between the DE and NDE extremity with the exception of external shoulder rotation, 94.96⁰ vs 84.8⁰ (p=.0142). Average total splint time was 136 minutes with a range of 40 – 360 minutes. Only 1 subject successfully completed all 3 splinting periods. There were 75 individual splinting events over the 3 splinting periods, and 90% of the time the splinting was stopped early. The most common reason for stopping early was paresthesia (88%) followed by pain (7%). Conclusions The positions selected represent the routine and usual care at our burn center. Patients are routinely positioned from hours to days depending on patient need. This study demonstrated that healthy subjects were unable to tolerate positioning for even two hours.

Negative pressure effects on mechanically opposing pharyngeal muscles in awake and sleeping goats

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2289-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thom R. Feroah ◽  
H. V. Forster ◽  
L. Pan ◽  
N. E. Schlick ◽  
Paul Martino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Tp 31 ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Pressure Tests

Our aim was to investigate the effects of the negative pressure reflex on mechanically opposing pharyngeal muscles during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In four goats with isolated upper airways, we measured tracheal airflow and electrical activity of the thyropharyngeus (TP; constricting), the stylopharyngeus (SP; dilating), and the diaphragm (Dia). In the wakefulness state in response to negative pressure tests, TP decreased (65%), SP increased (198%), and tidal volume (Vt) (66%) and rate of rise of Dia (Diaslope, 69%) decreased ( P < 0.02). Similarly, during SWS, the negative pressure response of TP (31%), Vt (61%), and Diaslope (60%) decreased, whereas SP (113%) increased, relative to SWS control ( P < 0.02). In REM sleep, the negative pressure response by TP and SP were small, whereas both Vt (38%) and Diaslope (24%) were greatly decreased ( P < 0.02) compared with REM control. Inspiratory duration remained unchanged in response to negative pressure tests in all states. These data provide evidence that mechanically opposing inspiratory and expiratory pharyngeal muscles are reciprocally controlled and their response to negative pressure are state dependent.

Safety and Security Analysis for Movable Railroad Bridges

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxin Wang ◽  
Matthew Jablonski ◽  
Chaitanya Yavvari ◽  
Zezhou Wang ◽  
Xiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Railroad Bridges ◽  
Gate Arrays ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Programmable Gate Arrays

Movable railroad bridges, consisting of lift, bascule, or swing bridges have been used by American rail tracks that cross usable waterways for over a century. Although custom made, movable bridges share many common components and designs. Most of them use weight bearing towers for the movable span using electric or electro-hydraulic systems lift and/or rotate these movable spans. Automated locks hold the bridge in place as soon as the movement stops. The bridge operation, train and ship signaling systems work in synchrony for trains and waterway traffic to be granted safe passage with minimal delay. This synchrony is maintained by using custom-made control systems using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) or Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Controllers located on the movable and the static parts of the bridge communicate using radio and/or wired underwater links sometimes involving marine cables. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a framework to analyze the safety and security of the bridge operating systems and their synchronous operations with railway and waterway systems. We do so by modeling the movable physical components and their control system with the interconnected network system and determine the faults and attacks that may affect their operations. Given the prevalence of attacks against PLCs, FPGAs and controllers, we show a generic way to determine the effect of what if scenarios that may arise due to attacks combined with failures using a case study of a swing bridge.

Reflex Responses in Human Jaw, Lip, and Tongue Muscles Elicited by Mechanical Stimulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Weber ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Spindle Afferents ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Tongue Muscles ◽  
Jaw Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles were elicited with brief, innocuous mechanical stimuli. Stimuli were applied to the masseter (and overlying tissue), the lower lip vermilion, and the tongue dorsum. Reflex responses occurred in masseter, orbicularis oris inferior, and genioglossus muscles upon direct stimulation of the sites associated with each of these muscles. In contrast, reflex responses to stimulation of "distant" sites occurred almost exclusively in masseter; that is, stimulation of the lip and tongue produced responses in masseter, but, stimulation of jaw muscle spindle afferents and overlying cutaneous receptors had no observable effect on activity in genioglossus or orbicularis oris inferior muscles. It could be hypothesized that the motoneuron pools controlling jaw muscles are more sensitive to synaptic inputs generated by reflex pathways originating in other structures. The sensitivity of the masseter muscle to inputs from the lip and tongue may serve to link these structures functionally.

scholarly journals Effects of laryngeal restriction on pharyngeal peristalsis and biomechanics: Clinical implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (11) ◽  
pp. G1036-G1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Shaker ◽  
Patrick Sanvanson ◽  
Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian ◽  
Mark Kern ◽  
Ashley Wuerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Ues Opening

To date, rehabilitative exercises aimed at strengthening the pharyngeal muscles have not been developed due to the inability to successfully overload and fatigue these muscles during their contraction, a necessary requirement for strength training. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that applying resistance against anterosuperior movement of the hyolaryngeal complex will overload the pharyngeal muscles and by repetitive swallowing will result in their fatigue manifested by a reduction in pharyngeal peristaltic amplitude. Studies were done in two groups. In group 1 studies 15 healthy subjects (age: 42 ± 14 yr, 11 females) were studied to determine whether imposing resistance to swallowing using a handmade device can affect the swallow-induced hyolaryngeal excursion and related upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening. In group 2, an additional 15 healthy subjects (age 56 ± 25 yr, 7 females) were studied to determine whether imposing resistance to the anterosuperior excursion of the hyolaryngeal complex induces fatigue manifested as reduction in pharyngeal contractile pressure during repeated swallowing. Analysis of the video recordings showed significant decrease in maximum deglutitive superior laryngeal excursion and UES opening diameter ( P < 0.01) due to resistive load. Consecutive swallows against the resistive load showed significant decrease in pharyngeal contractile integral (PhCI) values ( P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between PhCI and successive swallows, suggesting “fatigue” ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, repeated swallows against a resistive load induced by restricting the anterosuperior excursion of the larynx safely induces fatigue in pharyngeal peristalsis and thus has the potential to strengthen the pharyngeal contractile function.

Peak Impact Accelerations during Track and Treadmill Running

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M.R. Bigelow ◽  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Acrylic Plate ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Wireless Accelerometer ◽  
Vertical Impact ◽  
Over Time

To determine whether peak vertical and horizontal impact accelerations were different while running on a track or on a treadmill, 12 healthy subjects (average age 32.8 ± 9.8 y), were fitted with a novel, wireless accelerometer capable of recording triaxial acceleration over time. The accelerometer was attached to a custom-made acrylic plate and secured at the level of the L5 vertebra via a tight fitting triathlon belt. Each subject ran 4 miles on a synthetic, indoor track at a self-selected pace and accelerations were recorded on three perpendicular axes. Seven days later, the subjects ran 4 miles on a treadmill set at the individual runner’s average pace on the track and the peak vertical and horizontal impact magnitudes between the track and treadmill were compared. There was no difference (P= .52) in the average peak vertical impact accelerations between the track and treadmill over the 4 mile run. However, peak horizontal impact accelerations were greater (P= .0012) on the track when compared with the treadmill. This study demonstrated the feasibility for long-term impact accelerations monitoring using a novel wireless accelerometer.

Viperin Antiviral Response in Upper Airways is Similar in Asthmatic and Healthy Subjects

2010 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. AB151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Quraishi ◽  
A. Greiman ◽  
M. Tang ◽  
J. Shen ◽  
H. Boushey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Upper Airways

scholarly journals The Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life (RAQoL) for Indonesia: Translation and Pilot Test

INSIST ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Khoirunnisa S.M. ◽  
Perwitasari D.A
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Pilot Test ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Language Version ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Abstract— The primary objective of this research were to produce and evaluate the official Indonesian language version of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life instrument (RAQoL). The UK RAQoL was translated into Indonesian by a forward-backward translation. A separate lay panel was conducted to consider the appropriateness and comprehensibility of the items in Indonesian. The translated version of the RAQoL was pilot tested to determine whether the questionnaire RAQoL could be well understood and well accepted. Pilot test was conducted by interviews with 20 subjects, which 10 healthy Indonesia people and 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients who were recruited from X hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.  Items on the two response format questionnaire used in pilot study were scored one for a ‘yes’ response and zero for a ‘no’ response. The individual total item scores with a high score indicating poor QoL. Few difficulties arose in the translation process and the new language version was well received by the lay panel and field-test participants. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the difference of completion time between healthy subjects and RA patients, and the total score of the questionnaire answers between healthy subjects and patients. The average total score of responses to questionnaire on the healthy subject and patients by T test was significantly different (p < 0.05). The official Indonesian RAQoL was well received by RA patients. The psychometric quality of the translated questionnaire means that it is suitable for validity and reliability of the questionnaire towards patients with RA.Keywords—Rheumatoid Arthritis, questionnaire, RAQoL, translation, pilot test

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