Sympathetic activity and the heterogenous blood pressure response to exercise training in hypertensives

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1434-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Brown ◽  
Donald R. Dengel ◽  
Robert V. Hogikyan ◽  
Mark A. Supiano
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range

To test whether changes in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity or insulin sensitivity contribute to the heterogeneous blood pressure response to aerobic exercise training, we used compartmental analysis of [3H]norepinephrine kinetics to determine the extravascular norepinephrine release rate (NE2) as an index of systemic SNS activity and determined the insulin sensitivity index (SI) by an intravenous glucose tolerance test, before and after 6 mo of aerobic exercise training, in 30 (63 ± 7 yr) hypertensive subjects. Maximal O2consumption increased from 18.4 ± 0.7 to 20.8 ± 0.7 ml · kg−1· min−1( P = 0.02). The average mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) did not change (114 ± 2 vs. 114 ± 2 mmHg); however, there was a wide range of responses (−19 to +17 mmHg). The average NE2did not change significantly (2.11 ± 0.15 vs. 1.99 ± 0.13 μg · min−1· m−2), but there was a significant positive linear relationship between the change in NE2and the change in MABP ( r = 0.38, P = 0.04). SIincreased from 2.81 ± 0.37 to 3.71 ± 0.42 μU × 10−4· min−1· ml−1( P = 0.004). The relationship between the change in SIand the change in MABP was not statistically significant ( r = −0.03, P = 0.89). When the changes in maximal O2consumption, percent body fat, NE2, and SIwere considered as predictors of the change in MABP, only NE2was a significant independent predictor. Thus suppression of SNS activity may play a role in the reduction in MABP and account for a portion of the heterogeneity of the MABP response to aerobic exercise training in older hypertensive subjects.

Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. E562-E566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hickey ◽  
J. A. Houmard ◽  
R. V. Considine ◽  
G. L. Tyndall ◽  
J. B. Midgette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels in humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) who did not differ in aerobic capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 +/- 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 +/- 1.12 vs. 4.88 +/- 0.55) were studied. Fat mass was significantly lower in females vs. males (21.83 +/- 2.25 vs. 26.99 +/- 2.37 kg, P < 0.05). Despite this, fasting serum leptin was significantly higher in the females vs. males (18.27 +/- 2.55 vs. 9.88 +/- 1.26 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Serum leptin concentration decreased 17.5% in females (P < 0.05) after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (4 day/wk, 30-45 min/day) but was not significantly reduced in males. Fat mass was not altered after training in either group. In contrast, both aerobic capacity (+13% males, +9.1% females) and insulin sensitivity (+35% males, +82% females) were significantly improved subsequent to training. These data suggest that 1) women have higher circulating leptin concentrations despite lower fat mass and 2) exercise training appears to have a greater effect on systemic leptin levels in females than in males.

scholarly journals A Single Dose of Beetroot Juice Does Not Change Blood Pressure Response Mediated by Acute Aerobic Exercise in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Amaral ◽  
Igor M. Mariano ◽  
Victor Hugo V. Carrijo ◽  
Tállita Cristina F. de Souza ◽  
Jaqueline P. Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Before And After

Objective: To verify if acute intake of beetroot juice potentiates post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Methods: Thirteen hypertensive postmenopausal women (58.1 ± 4.62 years and 27.4 ± 4.25 kg/m²) were recruited to participate in three experimental sessions, taking three different beverages: Beetroot juice (BJ), placebo nitrate-depleted BJ (PLA), and orange flavored non-caloric drink (OFD). The participants performed moderate aerobic exercise training on a treadmill, at 65–70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), for 40 min. After an overnight fast, the protocol started at 07h when the first resting blood pressure (BP) was measured. The beverage was ingested at 07h30 and BP was monitored until the exercise training started, at 09h30. After the end of the exercise session, BP was measured every 15 min over a 90-min period. Saliva samples were collected at rest, immediately before and after exercise, and 90 min after exercise for nitrite (NO2−) analysis. Results: There was an increase in salivary NO2− with BJ intake when compared to OFD and PLA. A slight increase in salivary NO2− was observed with PLA when compared to OFD (p < 0.05), however, PLA resulted in lower salivary NO2− when compared to BJ (p < 0.001). There were no changes in salivary NO2− with the OFD. Systolic and diastolic BP decreased (p < 0.001) on all post exercise time points after all interventions, with no difference between the three beverages. Conclusion: Acute BJ intake does not change PEH responses in hypertensive postmenopausal women, even though there is an increase in salivary NO2−.

scholarly journals Increased blood cholesterol after a high saturated fat diet is prevented by aerobic exercise training

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernando Ortega ◽  
Valentín Emilio Fernández-Elías ◽  
Nassim Hamouti ◽  
Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Post Intervention

A high saturated fatty acids diet (HSFAD) deteriorates metabolic and cardiovascular health while aerobic training improves them. The aim of this study was to investigate in physically inactive and overweight people if 2 weeks of HSFAD leads to hyperlipemia or insulin resistance and if concurrent aerobic exercise training counteracts those effects. Fourteen overweight (body mass index, 27.5 ± 0.6 kg·m−2), healthy, young individuals (aged 24.8 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to a diet (D) or a diet plus exercise (D + E) group. During 14 consecutive days both groups increased dietary saturated fatty acids from 31 ± 10 to 52 ± 14 g·day−1(p < 0.001) while maintaining total fat intake. Concurrent to the diet, the D + E group underwent 11 cycle-ergometer sessions of 55 min at 60% peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak). Before and after intervention, insulin sensitivity and body composition were estimated, and blood lipids, resting blood pressure, and V̇O2peakwere measured. Body weight and composition, plasma free fatty acids composition and concentration, and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged in both groups. However, post-intervention total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased above pre-intervention values in the D group (147 ± 8 to 161 ± 9 mg·dL−1, p = 0.018 and 71 ± 10 to 82 ± 10 mg·dL−1, p = 0.034, respectively). In contrast, in the D + E group, TCand LDL-C remained unchanged (153 ± 20 to 157 ± 24 mg·dL−1and 71 ± 21 to 70 ± 25 mg·dL−1). Additionally, the D + E group lowered systolic blood pressure (6 ± 2 mm Hg, p = 0.029) and increased V̇O2peak(6 ± 2 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.020). Increases in TCand LDL-C concentration induced by 14 days of HSFAD can be prevented by concurrent aerobic exercise training, which, in addition, improves cardiorespiratory fitness.

scholarly journals Responses of Endothelin-1 and Arterial Blood Pressure of Postmenopausal Women to Aerobic Exercise Training

Salmand ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-381
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghasemian ◽  
Farhad Daryanoush ◽  
Ebrahim Ghasemian ◽  
Elham Shakoor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Arterial Blood

scholarly journals Aerobic exercise training conserves insulin sensitivity for 1 yr following weight loss in overweight women

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Fisher ◽  
Gary R. Hunter ◽  
Barbara A. Gower
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Group Time

The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the independent effects of exercise (aerobic or resistance training) and weight loss on whole body insulin sensitivity and 2) determine if aerobic or resistance training would be more successful for maintaining improved whole body insulin sensitivity 1 yr following weight loss. Subjects were 97 healthy, premenopausal women, body mass index (BMI) 27–30 kg/m2. Following randomized assignment to one of three groups, diet only, diet + aerobic, or diet + resistance training until a BMI <25 kg/m2 was achieved, body composition, fat distribution, and whole body insulin sensitivity were determined at baseline, in the weight reduced state, and at 1-yr follow up. The whole body insulin sensitivity index (SI) was determined using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant improvement in SI following weight loss. However, there were no group or group×time interactions. At 1-yr follow up, there were no significant time or group interactions for SI; however, there was a significant group×time interaction for SI. Post hoc analysis revealed that women in the aerobic training group showed a significant increased SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05), which was independent of intra-abdominal adipose tissue and %fat. No significant differences in SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up were observed for diet only or diet + resistance groups. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that change in whole body insulin sensitivity from baseline to 1-yr follow up was independently associated with the change in V̇o2max from baseline to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training may conserve improvements in SI following weight loss and that maintaining cardiovascular fitness following weight loss may be important for maintaining improvements in SI.

Angiotensin I conversion and vascular reactivity in pathophysiological states in dogs

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Leuenberger ◽  
S. A. Stalcup ◽  
L. M. Greenbaum ◽  
R. B. Mellins ◽  
G. M. Turino
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Arterial Blood

To determine if angiotension converting enzyme activity is altered by acute pathophysiological insults, we assessed angiotensin I conversion using a blood pressure response technique in anesthetized dogs studied during acute 100% O2 breathing and acute acid-base derangements. Also, we determined systemic vascular reactivity to angiotensin II by measuring the magnitude and duration of the arterial blood pressure response to intra-arterial injections of angiotensin II under these same conditions. Angiotensin I conversion found in normoxia [91 +/- 7 (SD)%] was unchanged by acute acidosis, alkalosis, and hyperoxia. During acute hyperoxia the mean half time of the hypertensive response increased from 68 +/- 25 (SD) s at a PaO2 of 112 +/- 18 (SD) Torr to 100 +/- 34 (SD) s at a PaO2 of 491 +/- 47 (SD) Torr (P less than 0.01). No other pathophysiological condition studied had any effect on reactivity of systemic vasculature to angiotensin II. We conclude that, except during acute hypoxia as previously shown, converting enzyme activity is resistant to other pathophysiological insults and that vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II is enhanced by hyperoxia.

EXERCISE TRAINING ATTENUATED THE BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO MENTAL STRESS

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Siconolfi ◽  
R. C.K. Snow ◽  
T. M. Lasater ◽  
E. A. Duck ◽  
R. A. Carelton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Response
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