scholarly journals Aerobic exercise training conserves insulin sensitivity for 1 yr following weight loss in overweight women

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Fisher ◽  
Gary R. Hunter ◽  
Barbara A. Gower
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Group Time

The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the independent effects of exercise (aerobic or resistance training) and weight loss on whole body insulin sensitivity and 2) determine if aerobic or resistance training would be more successful for maintaining improved whole body insulin sensitivity 1 yr following weight loss. Subjects were 97 healthy, premenopausal women, body mass index (BMI) 27–30 kg/m2. Following randomized assignment to one of three groups, diet only, diet + aerobic, or diet + resistance training until a BMI <25 kg/m2 was achieved, body composition, fat distribution, and whole body insulin sensitivity were determined at baseline, in the weight reduced state, and at 1-yr follow up. The whole body insulin sensitivity index (SI) was determined using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant improvement in SI following weight loss. However, there were no group or group×time interactions. At 1-yr follow up, there were no significant time or group interactions for SI; however, there was a significant group×time interaction for SI. Post hoc analysis revealed that women in the aerobic training group showed a significant increased SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05), which was independent of intra-abdominal adipose tissue and %fat. No significant differences in SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up were observed for diet only or diet + resistance groups. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that change in whole body insulin sensitivity from baseline to 1-yr follow up was independently associated with the change in V̇o2max from baseline to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training may conserve improvements in SI following weight loss and that maintaining cardiovascular fitness following weight loss may be important for maintaining improvements in SI.

Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. E562-E566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hickey ◽  
J. A. Houmard ◽  
R. V. Considine ◽  
G. L. Tyndall ◽  
J. B. Midgette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels in humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) who did not differ in aerobic capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 +/- 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 +/- 1.12 vs. 4.88 +/- 0.55) were studied. Fat mass was significantly lower in females vs. males (21.83 +/- 2.25 vs. 26.99 +/- 2.37 kg, P < 0.05). Despite this, fasting serum leptin was significantly higher in the females vs. males (18.27 +/- 2.55 vs. 9.88 +/- 1.26 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Serum leptin concentration decreased 17.5% in females (P < 0.05) after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (4 day/wk, 30-45 min/day) but was not significantly reduced in males. Fat mass was not altered after training in either group. In contrast, both aerobic capacity (+13% males, +9.1% females) and insulin sensitivity (+35% males, +82% females) were significantly improved subsequent to training. These data suggest that 1) women have higher circulating leptin concentrations despite lower fat mass and 2) exercise training appears to have a greater effect on systemic leptin levels in females than in males.

Sympathetic activity and the heterogenous blood pressure response to exercise training in hypertensives

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1434-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Brown ◽  
Donald R. Dengel ◽  
Robert V. Hogikyan ◽  
Mark A. Supiano
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range

To test whether changes in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity or insulin sensitivity contribute to the heterogeneous blood pressure response to aerobic exercise training, we used compartmental analysis of [3H]norepinephrine kinetics to determine the extravascular norepinephrine release rate (NE2) as an index of systemic SNS activity and determined the insulin sensitivity index (SI) by an intravenous glucose tolerance test, before and after 6 mo of aerobic exercise training, in 30 (63 ± 7 yr) hypertensive subjects. Maximal O2consumption increased from 18.4 ± 0.7 to 20.8 ± 0.7 ml · kg−1· min−1( P = 0.02). The average mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) did not change (114 ± 2 vs. 114 ± 2 mmHg); however, there was a wide range of responses (−19 to +17 mmHg). The average NE2did not change significantly (2.11 ± 0.15 vs. 1.99 ± 0.13 μg · min−1· m−2), but there was a significant positive linear relationship between the change in NE2and the change in MABP ( r = 0.38, P = 0.04). SIincreased from 2.81 ± 0.37 to 3.71 ± 0.42 μU × 10−4· min−1· ml−1( P = 0.004). The relationship between the change in SIand the change in MABP was not statistically significant ( r = −0.03, P = 0.89). When the changes in maximal O2consumption, percent body fat, NE2, and SIwere considered as predictors of the change in MABP, only NE2was a significant independent predictor. Thus suppression of SNS activity may play a role in the reduction in MABP and account for a portion of the heterogeneity of the MABP response to aerobic exercise training in older hypertensive subjects.

scholarly journals Increased Skeletal Muscle Capillarization After Aerobic Exercise Training and Weight Loss Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With IGT

Diabetes Care ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1469-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Prior ◽  
Jacob B. Blumenthal ◽  
Leslie I. Katzel ◽  
Andrew P. Goldberg ◽  
Alice S. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training

Abstract 12949: Aerobic Exercise After an ICD: Results of the 6 Month Follow-Up in the Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise After an ICD Trial

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M Dougherty ◽  
Robb Glenny ◽  
Peter Kudenchuk ◽  
Robert Burr
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Function ◽  
Exercise Maintenance ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
O2 Pulse

Introduction: The Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise Trial reported that aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) significantly improved the primary outcome of cardiopulmonary function without ICD shocks or adverse events. This is a report on the longer term outcomes at 24 weeks of exercise maintenance that was continued after aerobic training. Hypothesis: When 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training is followed by aerobic exercise maintenance (50% reduction in the amount of walking), cardiopulmonary function [peak VO2, EX time, VO2 at AT, O2 pulse, METS, Maximum HR] will be maintained without an increase in ICD shocks or hospitalizations. Methods: 160 subjects (80/group) with a prior ICD implant (40% primary and 60% secondary prevention), mean age 55 +12 years, 78% male, 84% Caucasian, 100% beta-blocked, and mean EF%=40%, entered a RCT comparing aerobic exercise to usual care (UC). At baseline, 8 and 24 weeks, participants completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a modified Balke treadmill protocol. Aerobic training= 8 weeks of home walking 1 hour/day on 5 days/week at 60-80% of maximum HR using the Karvonen formula, was followed by aerobic maintenance (EX)= 16 weeks of home walking for 150 min/week. ICD shocks and hospitalizations were verified with medical records. Analysis of variance was used to determine group x time effects on study outcomes. Results: Aerobic maintenance significantly increased peak VO2 ml/kg/min, p<0.000 (EX 26.9+7.7, UC 23.4+6.0), EX minutes, p<0.000 (EX 16:27+ 6:36; UC 13:24+4:33), VO2 at AT ml/kg/min, p=0.001 (EX 23.0+6.8; UC 19.8+5.8), O2 pulse p=0.01 (EX 18.7+5.5; UC 16.8+4.9), and METS, p<0.001 (EX 7.6+2.2; UC 6.7+1.8). Maximum HR was unchanged. The number of ICD shocks related to exercise was =1: 3 in UC and 1 in exercise received an ICD shock or ATP during follow-up. There were 11 hospitalizations in each group, none were related to exercise. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise maintenance for 16 weeks that followed aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks, maintained gains in cardiopulmonary function despite reducing the amount of walking by half (300 min vs. 150 min). Aerobic exercise in patients with an ICD is safe without increasing the number of ICD shocks or hospitalizations.

scholarly journals Change in Bone Mineral Density During Weight Loss with Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise Training in Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1582-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen M Beavers ◽  
Daniel P Beavers ◽  
Sarah B Martin ◽  
Anthony P Marsh ◽  
Mary F Lyles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Mineral Density

Effect of aging on response to exercise training in humans: skeletal muscle GLUT-4 and insulin sensitivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2019-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie H. Cox ◽  
Ronald N. Cortright ◽  
G. Lynis Dohm ◽  
Joseph A. Houmard
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Glut 4

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of short-term exercise training on insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT-4) concentration and insulin sensitivity in young and older individuals. Young and older women [22.4 ± 0.8 (SE) yr, n = 9; and 60.9 ± 1.0 yr, n = 10] and men (20.9 ± 0.9, n = 9; 56.5 ± 1.9 yr, n = 8), respectively, were studied before and after 7 consecutive days of exercise training (1 h/day, ≈75% maximal oxygen uptake). The older groups had more adipose tissue, increased central adiposity, and a lower maximal oxygen uptake. Despite these differences, increases in whole body insulin action (insulin sensitivity index, determined with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal-model analysis) with training were similar regardless of age, in both the women and men (mean increase of 2.2 ± 0.3-fold). This was accompanied by similar relative increases in muscle (vastus lateralis) GLUT-4 protein concentration, irrespective of age (mean increase of 3.1 ± 0.7-fold). Body mass did not change with training in any of the groups. These data suggest that older human skeletal muscle retains the ability to rapidly increase muscle GLUT-4 and improve insulin action with endurance training.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice Chronically Fed a Low-Sodium Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2174
Author(s):  
Guilherme da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Ana Paula Garcia Bochi ◽  
Paula Ramos Pinto ◽  
Vanessa Del Bianco ◽  
Letícia Gomes Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Low Sodium

Background: A low-sodium (LS) diet reduces blood pressure, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, intense dietary sodium restriction impairs insulin sensitivity and worsens lipid profile. Considering the benefits of aerobic exercise training (AET), the effect of LS diet and AET in hepatic lipid content and gene expression was investigated in LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-KO) mice. Methods: Twelve-week-old male LDLr-KO mice fed a normal sodium (NS) or LS diet were kept sedentary (S) or trained (T) for 90 days. Body mass, plasma lipids, insulin tolerance testing, hepatic triglyceride (TG) content, gene expression, and citrate synthase (CS) activity were determined. Results were compared by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test. Results: Compared to NS, LS increased body mass and plasma TG, and impaired insulin sensitivity, which was prevented by AET. The LS-S group, but not the LS-T group, presented greater hepatic TG than the NS-S group. The LS diet increased the expression of genes related to insulin resistance (ApocIII, G6pc, Pck1) and reduced those involved in oxidative capacity (Prkaa1, Prkaa2, Ppara, Lipe) and lipoprotein assembly (Mttp). Conclusion: AET prevented the LS-diet-induced TG accumulation in the liver by improving insulin sensitivity and the expression of insulin-regulated genes and oxidative capacity.

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