Acute high-intensity endurance exercise is more effective than moderate-intensity exercise for attenuation of postprandial triglyceride elevation

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Trombold ◽  
Kevin M. Christmas ◽  
Daniel R. Machin ◽  
Il-Young Kim ◽  
Edward F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Postprandial Triglyceride ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Acute exercise has been shown to attenuate postprandial plasma triglyceride elevation (PPTG). However, the direct contribution of exercise intensity is less well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on PPTG and postprandial fat oxidation. One of three experimental treatments was performed in healthy young men ( n = 6): nonexercise control (CON), moderate-intensity exercise (MIE; 50% V̇o2peak for 60 min), or isoenergetic high-intensity exercise (HIE; alternating 2 min at 25% and 2 min at 90% V̇o2peak). The morning after the exercise, a standardized meal was provided (16 kcal/kg BM, 1.02 g fat/kg, 1.36 g CHO/kg, 0.31 g PRO/kg), and measurements of plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), glucose, insulin, and β-hydroxybutyrate were made in the fasted condition and hourly for 6 h postprandial. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine fat oxidation in the fasted condition and 2, 4, and 6 h postprandial. Compared with CON, both MIE and HIE significantly attenuated PPTG [incremental AUC; 75.2 (15.5%), P = 0.033, and 54.9 (13.5%), P = 0.001], with HIE also significantly lower than MIE ( P = 0.03). Postprandial fat oxidation was significantly higher in MIE [83.3 (10.6%) of total energy expenditure] and HIE [89.1 (9.8) %total] compared with CON [69.0 (16.1) %total, P = 0.039, and P = 0.018, respectively], with HIE significantly greater than MIE ( P = 0.012). We conclude that, despite similar energy expenditure, HIE was more effective than MIE for lowering PPTG and increasing postprandial fat oxidation.

Substrate metabolism during different exercise intensities in endurance-trained women

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1707-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Romijn ◽  
E. F. Coyle ◽  
L. S. Sidossis ◽  
J. Rosenblatt ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Reported Data

We have studied eight endurance-trained women at rest and during exercise at 25, 65, and 85% of maximal oxygen uptake. The rate of appearance (Ra) of free fatty acids (FFA) was determined by infusion of [2H2]palmitate, and fat oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry. Glucose kinetics were assessed with [6,6-2H2]glucose. Glucose Ra increased in relation to exercise intensity. In contrast, whereas FFA Ra was significantly increased to the same extent in low- and moderate-intensity exercise, during high-intensity exercise, FFA Ra was reduced compared with the other exercise values. Carbohydrate oxidation increased progressively with exercise intensity, whereas the highest rate of fat oxidation was during exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. After correction for differences in lean body mass, there were no differences between these results and previously reported data in endurance-trained men studied under the same conditions, except for slight differences in glucose metabolism during low-intensity exercise (Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, and Wolfe RR. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 265: E380–E391, 1993). We conclude that the patterns of changes in substrate kinetics during moderate- and high-intensity exercise are similar in trained men and women.

scholarly journals Exercise intensity and the protection from postprandial vascular dysfunction in adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (11) ◽  
pp. H1443-H1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bond ◽  
P. E. Gates ◽  
S. R. Jackman ◽  
L. M. Corless ◽  
C. A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Acute exercise transiently improves endothelial function and protects the vasculature from the deleterious effects of a high-fat meal (HFM). We sought to identify whether this response is dependent on exercise intensity in adolescents. Twenty adolescents (10 male, 14.3 ± 0.3 yr) completed three 1-day trials: 1) rest (CON); 2) 8 × 1 min cycling at 90% peak power with 75 s recovery [high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)]; and 3) cycling at 90% of the gas exchange threshold [moderate-intensity exercise (MIE)] 1 h before consuming a HFM (1.50 g/kg fat). Macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function was assessed before and immediately after exercise and 3 h after the HFM by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and laser Doppler imaging [peak reactive hyperemia (PRH)]. FMD and PRH increased 1 h after HIIE [ P < 0.001, effect size (ES) = 1.20 and P = 0.048, ES = 0.56] but were unchanged after MIE. FMD and PRH were attenuated 3 h after the HFM in CON ( P < 0.001, ES = 1.78 and P = 0.02, ES = 0.59). FMD remained greater 3 h after the HFM in HIIE compared with MIE ( P < 0.001, ES = 1.47) and CON ( P < 0.001, ES = 2.54), and in MIE compared with CON ( P < 0.001, ES = 1.40). Compared with CON, PRH was greater 3 h after the HFM in HIIE ( P = 0.02, ES = 0.71) and MIE ( P = 0.02, ES = 0.84), with no differences between HIIE and MIE ( P = 0.72, ES = 0.16). Plasma triacylglycerol concentration and total antioxidant status concentration were not different between trials. We conclude that exercise intensity plays an important role in protecting the vasculature from the deleterious effects of a HFM. Performing HIIE may provide superior vascular benefits than MIE in adolescent groups.

scholarly journals High-intensity exercise and cognitive function in cognitively normal older adults: a pilot randomised clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda M. Brown ◽  
Natalie Frost ◽  
Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith ◽  
James Doecke ◽  
Shaun Markovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Exercise Interventions

Abstract Background Physical inactivity has been consistently linked to increased risk of cognitive decline; however, studies examining the impact of exercise interventions on cognition have produced inconsistent findings. Some observational studies suggest exercise intensity may be important for inducing cognitive improvements; however, this has yet to be thoroughly examined in older adult cohorts. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of systematically manipulated high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise interventions on cognition. Methods This multi-arm pilot randomised clinical trial investigated the effects of 6 months of high-intensity exercise and moderate-intensity exercise, compared with an inactive control, on cognition. Outcome measures were assessed at pre- (baseline), post- (6 months), and 12 months post-intervention. Ninety-nine cognitively normal men and women (aged 60–80 years) were enrolled from October 2016 to November 2017. Participants that were allocated to an exercise group (i.e. high-intensity or moderate-intensity) engaged in cycle-based exercise two times per week for 6 months. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated by a graded exercise test. Results There was a dose-dependent effect of exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness, whereby the high-intensity group experienced greater increases in fitness than the moderate-intensity and control groups. However, there was no direct effect of exercise on cognition. Conclusions We did not observe a direct effect of exercise on cognition. Future work in this field should be appropriately designed and powered to examine factors that may contribute to individual variability in response to intervention. Trial registration This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000643370). Registered on 3 May 2017—retrospectively registered. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372780

scholarly journals Comparable effects of moderate intensity exercise on changes in anorectic gut hormone levels and energy intake to high intensity exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ya Ueda ◽  
Takahiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Katsura ◽  
Tatsuya Usui ◽  
Shigeo Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Gut Hormone

There is growing interest in the effects of exercise on plasma gut hormone levels and subsequent energy intake (EI) but the effects of mode and exercise intensity on anorectic hormone profiles on subsequent EI remain to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate whether circulating peptide YY3–36 (PYY3–36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 or GCG as listed in the HUGO Database) levels depend on exercise intensity, which could affect subsequent EI. Ten young male subjects (mean±s.d., age: 23.4±4.3 years, body mass index: 22.5±1.0 kg/m2, and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max): 45.9±8.5 ml/kg per min) received a standardized breakfast, which was followed by constant cycling exercise at 75% VO2 max (high intensity session), 50% VO2 max (moderate intensity session), or rest (resting session) for 30 min. At lunch, a test meal was presented, and EI was calculated. Blood samples were obtained during three sessions for measurements of glucose, insulin, PYY3–36, and GLP-1, which includes GLP-1 (7–36) amide and GLP-1 (9–36) amide. Increases in blood PYY3–36 levels were dependent on the exercise intensity (effect of session: P<0.001 by two-way ANOVA), whereas those in GLP-1 levels were similar between two different exercise sessions. Of note, increase in area under the curve values for GLP-1 levels was negatively correlated with decrease in the EI in each exercise session (high: P<0.001, moderate: P=0.002). The present findings raise the possibility that each gut hormone exhibits its specific blood kinetics in response to two different intensities of exercise stimuli and might play differential roles in regulation of EI after exercise.

scholarly journals Exercise intensity independently modulates thermal behavior during exercise recovery but not during exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1150-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole T. Vargas ◽  
Christopher L. Chapman ◽  
Blair D. Johnson ◽  
Rob Gathercole ◽  
Zachary J. Schlader
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Afferent Stimulus ◽  
Skin Wettedness ◽  
Custom Made

We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior is greater during and after high- compared with moderate-intensity exercise. In a 27°C, 20% relative humidity environment, 20 participants (10 women, 10 men) cycled for 30 min at moderate [53% (SD 6) peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) or high [78% (SD 6) V̇o2peak] intensity, followed by 120 min of recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Participants maintained thermally comfortable neck temperatures with a custom-made neck device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. The weighted average of mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness provided an indication of the afferent stimulus to thermally behave. Mean skin and core temperatures were greater at end-exercise in high intensity ( P < 0.01). Core temperature remained elevated in high intensity until 70 min of recovery ( P = 0.03). Mean skin wettedness and the afferent stimulus were greater at 10–20 min of exercise in high intensity ( P ≤ 0.03) and remained elevated until 60 min of recovery ( P < 0.01). Neck device temperature was lower during exercise in high versus moderate intensity ( P ≤ 0.02). There was a strong relation between the afferent stimulus and neck device temperature during exercise (high: R2 = 0.82, P < 0.01; moderate: R2 = 0.95, P < 0.01) and recovery (high: R2 = 0.97, P < 0.01; moderate: R2 = 0.93, P < 0.01). During exercise, slope ( P = 0.49) and y-intercept ( P = 0.91) did not differ between intensities. In contrast, slope was steeper ( P < 0.01) and y-intercept was higher ( P < 0.01) during recovery from high-intensity exercise. Thermal behavior is greater during high-intensity exercise because of the greater stimulus to behave. The withdrawal of thermal behavior is augmented after high-intensity exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to determine the effects of exercise intensity on thermal behavior. We show that exercise intensity does not independently modulate thermal behavior during exercise but is dependent on the magnitude of afferent stimuli. In contrast, the withdrawal of thermal behavior after high-intensity exercise is augmented. This may be a consequence of an attenuated perceptual response to afferent stimuli, which may be due to processes underlying postexercise hypoalgesia.

Warm-Up Strategy and High-Intensity Endurance Performance in Trained Cyclists

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Christensen ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Subsequent Performance

Purpose:To evaluate the influence of warm-up exercise intensity and subsequent recovery on intense endurance performance, selected blood variables, and the oxygen-uptake (VO2) response.Methods:Twelve highly trained male cyclists (VO2max 72.4 ± 8.0 mL · min−1 · kg−1, incremental-test peak power output (iPPO) 432 ± 31 W; mean ± SD) performed 3 warm-up strategies lasting 20 min before a 4-min maximal-performance test (PT). Strategies consisted of moderate-intensity exercise (50%iPPO) followed by 6 min of recovery (MOD6) or progressive high-intensity exercise (10–100%iPPO and 2 × 20-s sprints) followed by recovery for 6 min (HI6) or 20 min (HI20).Results:Before PT venous pH was lower (P < .001) in HI6 (7.27 ± 0.05) than in HI20 (7.34 ± 0.04) and MOD6 (7.35 ± 0.03). At the same time, differences (P < .001) existed for venous lactate in HI6 (8.2 ± 2.0 mmol/L), HI20 (5.1 ± 1.7 mmol/L), and MOD6 (1.4 ± 0.4 mmol/L), as well as for venous bicarbonate in HI6 (19.3 ± 2.6 mmol/L), HI20 (22.6 ± 2.3 mmol/L), and MOD6 (26.0 ± 1.4 mmol/L). Mean power in PT in HI6 (402 ± 38 W) tended to be lower (P = .11) than in HI20 (409 ± 34 W) and was lower (P = .007) than in MOD6 (416 ± 32 W). Total VO2 (15–120 s in PT) was higher in HI6 (8.18 ± 0.86 L) than in HI20 (7.85 ± 0.82 L, P = .008) and MOD6 (7.90 ± 0.74 L, P = .012).Conclusions:Warm-up exercise including race-pace and sprint intervals combined with short recovery can reduce subsequent performance in a 4-min maximal test in highly trained cyclists. Thus, a reduced time at high exercise intensity, a reduced intensity in the warm-up, or an extension of the recovery period after an intense warm-up is advocated.

scholarly journals Effect of exercise intensity on circulating hepatokine concentrations in healthy men

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1065-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Willis ◽  
Jack A. Sargeant ◽  
Alice E. Thackray ◽  
Thomas Yates ◽  
David J. Stensel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Men

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) are novel hepatokines that are modulated by metabolic stresses. This study investigated whether exercise intensity modulates the hepatokine response to acute exercise. Ten young, healthy men undertook three 8-h experimental trials: moderate-intensity exercise (MOD; 55% peak oxygen uptake), high-intensity exercise (HIGH; 75% peak oxygen uptake), and control (CON; rest), in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Exercise trials commenced with a treadmill run of varied duration to match gross exercise energy expenditure between trials (MOD vs HIGH; 2475 ± 70 vs 2488 ± 58 kJ). Circulating FGF21, follistatin, LECT2, glucagon, insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured before exercise and at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 h postexercise. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were increased up to 4 h postexercise compared with CON (P ≤ 0.022) with greater increases observed at 1, 2, and 4 h postexercise during HIGH versus MOD (P ≤ 0.025). Irrespective of intensity (P ≥ 0.606), plasma follistatin concentrations were elevated at 4 and 7 h postexercise (P ≤ 0.053). Plasma LECT2 concentrations were increased immediately postexercise (P ≤ 0.046) but were not significant after correcting for plasma volume shifts. Plasma glucagon (1 h; P = 0.032) and NEFA (4 and 7 h; P ≤ 0.029) responses to exercise were accentuated in HIGH versus MOD. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin. Exercise-induced changes in FGF21 are intensity-dependent and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise.

scholarly journals The effect of exercise intensity on cognitive performance during short duration treadmill running

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Smith ◽  
Jason Tallis ◽  
Amanda Miller ◽  
Neil D. Clarke ◽  
Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Omission Error ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Decision Error

Abstract This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/NoGo task. Fifteen, habitually active (9 females and 6 males aged 28 ± 5 years) agreed to participate in the study and cognitive performance was measured in three sessions lasting 10 min each, performed at three different exercise intensities: rest, moderate and high. Results indicated significant exercise intensity main effects for reaction time (RT) (p = 0.01), the omission error rate (p = 0.027) and the decision error rate (p = 0.011), with significantly longer RTs during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.039) and rest (p = 0.023). Mean ± SE of RT (ms) was 395.8 ± 9.1, 396.3 ± 9.1 and 433.5 ± 16.1 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. This pattern was replicated for the error rate with a significantly higher omission error and decision error rate during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.003) and rest (p = 0.001). Mean ± SE of omission errors (%) was 0.88 ± 0.23, 0.8 ± 0.23 and 1.8 ± 0.46% for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. Likewise, mean ± SE of decision errors (%) was 0.73 ± 0.24, 0.73 ± 0.21 and 1.8 ± 0.31 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. The present study’s results suggest that 10 min workout at high intensity impairs RT performances in habitually active adults compared to rest or moderate intensity exercise.

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