scholarly journals Role of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group in coughing and swallowing in guinea pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 1792-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Sugiyama ◽  
Keisuke Shiba ◽  
Shigeyuki Mukudai ◽  
Toshiro Umezaki ◽  
Hirofumi Sakaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Retrotrapezoid Nucleus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parafacial Respiratory Group ◽  
Caudal Margin ◽  
Extracellular Activity ◽  
Normal Respiration

The retrotrapezoid/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) located ventral to the facial nucleus plays a key role in regulating breathing, especially enhanced expiratory activity during hypercapnic conditions. To clarify the roles of the RTN/pFRG region in evoking coughing, during which reflexive enhanced expiration is produced, and in swallowing, during which the expiratory activity is consistently halted, we recorded extracellular activity from RTN/pFRG neurons during these fictive behaviors in decerebrate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. The activity of the majority of recorded respiratory neurons was changed in synchrony with coughing and swallowing. To further evaluate the contribution of RTN/pFRG neurons to these nonrespiratory behaviors, the motor output patterns during breathing, coughing, and swallowing were compared before and after brain stem transection at the caudal margin of RTN/pFRG region. In addition, the effects of transection at its rostral margin were also investigated to evaluate pontine contribution to these behaviors. During respiration, transection at the rostral margin attenuated the postinspiratory activity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Meanwhile, the late expiratory activity of the abdominal nerve was abolished after caudal transection. The caudal transection also decreased the amplitude of the coughing-related abdominal nerve discharge but did not abolish the activity. Swallowing could be elicited even after the caudal end transection. These findings raise the prospect that the RTN/pFRG contributes to expiratory regulation during normal respiration, although this region is not an essential element of the neuronal networks involved in coughing and swallowing.

scholarly journals Breathing with Phox2b

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1529) ◽  
pp. 2477-2483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Dubreuil ◽  
Jacques Barhanin ◽  
Christo Goridis ◽  
Jean-François Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Retrotrapezoid Nucleus ◽  
Parafacial Respiratory Group

In the last few years, elucidation of the architecture of breathing control centres has reached the cellular level. This has been facilitated by increasing knowledge of the molecular signatures of various classes of hindbrain neurons. Here, we review the advances achieved by studying the homeodomain factor Phox2b , a transcriptional determinant of neuronal identity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Evidence from human genetics, neurophysiology and mouse reverse genetics converges to implicate a small population of Phox2b -dependent neurons, located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus, in the detection of CO 2 , which is a paramount source of the ‘drive to breathe’. Moreover, the same and other studies suggest that an overlapping or identical neuronal population, the parafacial respiratory group, might contribute to the respiratory rhythm at least in some circumstances, such as for the initiation of breathing following birth. Together with the previously established Phox2b dependency of other respiratory neurons (which we review briefly here), our new data highlight a key role of this transcription factor in setting up the circuits for breathing automaticity.

Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 958-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xin Wu ◽  
Robert F. Morton ◽  
Lu-Yuan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sham Exposure ◽  
Inhalation Challenge ◽  
Dynamic Lung Compliance

Wu, Zhong-Xin, Robert F. Morton, and Lu-Yuan Lee. Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 958–965, 1997.—Acute exposure to ozone (O3) induces airway hyperresponsiveness to various inhaled bronchoactive substances. Inhalation of cigarette smoke, a common inhaled irritant in humans, is known to evoke a transient bronchoconstrictive effect. To examine whether O3 increases airway responsiveness to cigarette smoke, effects of smoke inhalation challenge on total pulmonary resistance (Rl) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were compared before and after exposure to O3 (1.5 ppm, 1 h) in anesthetized guinea pigs. Before O3 exposure, inhalation of two breaths of cigarette smoke (7 ml) at a low concentration (33%) induced a mild and reproducible bronchoconstriction that slowly developed and reached its peak (ΔRl= 67 ± 19%, ΔCdyn = −29 ± 6%) after a delay of >1 min. After exposure to O3 the same cigarette smoke inhalation challenge evoked an intense bronchoconstriction that occurred more rapidly, reaching its peak (ΔRl = 620 ± 224%, ΔCdyn = −35 ± 7%) within 20 s, and was sustained for >2 min. By contrast, sham exposure to room air did not alter the bronchomotor response to cigarette smoke challenge. Pretreatment with CP-99994 and SR-48968, the selective antagonists of neurokinin type 1 and 2 receptors, respectively, completely blocked the enhanced responses of Rl and Cdyn to cigarette smoke challenge induced by O3. These results show that O3 exposure induces airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled cigarette smoke and that the enhanced responses result primarily from the bronchoconstrictive effect of endogenous tachykinins.

Contribution of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory region to the expiratory-sympathetic coupling in response to peripheral chemoreflex in rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 882-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi J. A. Moraes ◽  
Mirela B. Dias ◽  
Roberta Cavalcanti-Kwiatkoski ◽  
Benedito H. Machado ◽  
Daniel B. Zoccal
Keyword(s):  
Reflex Response ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Retrotrapezoid Nucleus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Expiratory Neurons ◽  
Respiratory Modulation ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreflex ◽  
Extracellular Activity

Central mechanisms of coupling between respiratory and sympathetic systems are essential for the entrainment between the enhanced respiratory drive and sympathoexcitation in response to hypoxia. However, the brainstem nuclei and neuronal network involved in these respiratory-sympathetic interactions remain unclear. Here, we evaluated whether the increase in expiratory activity and expiratory-modulated sympathoexcitation produced by the peripheral chemoreflex activation involves the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory region (RTN/pFRG). Using decerebrated arterially perfused in situ rat preparations (60–80 g), we recorded the activities of thoracic sympathetic (tSN), phrenic (PN), and abdominal nerves (AbN) as well as the extracellular activity of RTN/pFRG expiratory neurons, and reflex responses to chemoreflex activation were evaluated before and after inactivation of the RTN/pFRG region with muscimol (1 mM). In the RTN/pFRG, we identified late-expiratory (late-E) neurons ( n = 5) that were silent at resting but fired coincidently with the emergence of late-E bursts in AbN after peripheral chemoreceptor activation. Bilateral muscimol microinjections into the RTN/pFRG region ( n = 6) significantly reduced basal PN frequency, mean AbN activity, and the amplitude of respiratory modulation of tSN ( P < 0.05). With respect to peripheral chemoreflex responses, muscimol microinjections in the RTN/pFRG enhanced the PN inspiratory response, abolished the evoked late-E activity of AbN, but did not alter either the magnitude or pattern of the tSN reflex response. These findings indicate that the RTN/pFRG region is critically involved in the processing of the active expiratory response but not of the expiratory-modulated sympathetic response to peripheral chemoreflex activation of rat in situ preparations.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

SUBLINGUAL VITAMIN D3 DRUG THERAPY IN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PATIENTS AT PRAVARA RURAL HOSPITAL

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Sanjeeva Kumar Goud T ◽  
Rahul Kunkulol
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

The present study was aimed to study the effect of Sublingual Vitamin D3 on Serum Vitamin D level in Vitamin D deficiency patients. This was a cross-sectional and interventional study. All the Vitamin D deficiency patients of age 18-60years and either gender, willing to participate in the study were included. Patients who had greater than 20 ng/ml were excluded from the study. The total number of participants in our study was 200, out of these 111 males and 89 females, the mean age in our study was 51.07 ± 7.39Yrs. All volunteers were given sublingual vitamin D3 (60,000IU) in six doses every fifteen days of follow up for 3 months. The subject’s serum 25(OH)D levels were estimated before and after the treatment of sublingual vitamin D3. There was a statistically significant difference in serum vitamin D3 level before 16.61±6.71 ng/ml and after 35.80±7.80 ng/ml after treatment with Sublingual Vitamin D3. Six doses of 60,000IU of Vitamin D3 sublingual route having improved the role of serum 25(OH)D levels in the treatment of Vitamin D3 deficiency patients.Keywords: Vitamin D3; Sublingual route

Arthroscopy in Arthrosis: Is It Worth it? A case Presentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2232-2235
Author(s):  
Marius Moga ◽  
Mark Edward Pogarasteanu ◽  
Antoine Edu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Loose Body ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joint Range Of Motion ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Joint Range

The role of arthroscopy in incipient and mild arthrosis, even combined with proximal tibial ostetomy, is well known and well documented. On the other hand, its role in the treatment of advanced arthrosis of the large joints, especially the knee, is a subject of controversy. The proponents of the use of arthroscopy in advanced arthrosis claim that meniscectomy, synovectomy, ostophytectomy, chondral lesion stabilization, arthroscopic release, plica and loose body removal greatly improve the quality of life for most patients, especially if followed by the use of viscoelastic injection, by diminishing pain and improving joint range of motion. The opponents claim that, even though the advantages are clear in the cases that refuse arthroplasty, in all the other cases the surgical indication should be total knee arthroplasty, as the clinical relief is temporary, but with all the risks of a surgical intervention. We have conducted an overview of the recent literature, in order to find objective evidence to sustain either point of view. We focused on articles published that included an objective measurement of before and after clinical status through clinical scores and objective measurements. We also focused on the follow-up period and on the evolution of the pathology after arthroscopy.

Study of Possible Relation between Fasting Plasma Glucagon, Gestational Diabetes and Development of Type 2 DM

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Okba ◽  
Salwa Seddik Hosny ◽  
Alyaa Elsherbeny ◽  
Manal Mohsin Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Glucagon ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Phases

Background and Aims: Women who develop GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) have a relative insulin secretion deficiency, the severity of which may be predictive for later development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the role of fasting plasma glucagon in the prediction of later development of diabetes in pregnant women with GDM. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 150 pregnant women with GDM after giving informed oral and written consents and being approved by the research ethical committee according to the declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted in two phases, first phase during pregnancy and the second one was 6 months post-partum, as we measured fasting plasma glucagon before and after delivery together with fasting and 2 hour post-prandial plasma sugar. Results: Our findings suggested that glucagon levels significantly increased after delivery in the majority 14/25 (56%) of GDM women who developed type 2 DM within 6 months after delivery compared to 6/20 (30%) patients with impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG) and only 22/105 (20%) non DM women, as the median glucagon levels were 80,76, 55, respectively. Also, there was a high statistical difference between fasting plasma glucagon post-delivery among diabetic and non-diabetic women (p ≤ 0.001). These results indicated the useful role of assessing fasting plasma glucagon before and after delivery in patients with GDM to predict the possibility of type 2 DM. Conclusion: There is a relatively high glucagon level in GDM patients, which is a significant pathogenic factor in the incidence of subsequent diabetes in women with a history of GDM. This could be important in the design of follow-up programs for women with previous GDM.

Youngistan-Discussion on Models for Working with Youth

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Varghese Thomas ◽  
Sojin P. Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
The World ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Youth Bulge ◽  
Conducive Environment ◽  
Age Category

Youth is always considered as the dynamic section of society which stands inevitable both as age category and social status. There is a strong tendency among politicians, researchers to see youth bulge as a problem to be solved or as a threat which must be treated. However youth are underestimated as positive agents of change and key actors in development and harmony of the nation. But then more importantly, providing a conducive environment for youth is crucial and remains as the biggest challenge in India as the nation is going to be the youngest nation in the world demographically and will remain the same for next couple of decades. This paper explores the role of youth in development and various models and approaches by which the society and professionals working with youth can address those queries and anxieties associated with the youth bulge. Further the paper explores the scope of youth work in India as the nation is going to be the youngest nation in couple of years. Further research and debates on youth work as a profession in India is an essential element to develop specific guidance to support policy and commissioning processes in understanding how youth work contributes to effective interventions and improves the lives of young people.

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