scholarly journals The retrotrapezoid nucleus and the neuromodulation of breathing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Moreira ◽  
Cleyton R Sobrinho ◽  
Barbara Falquetto ◽  
Luiz M Oliveira ◽  
Janayna D Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Target Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Retrotrapezoid Nucleus ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface ◽  
Respiratory Homeostasis ◽  
Wake State ◽  
Specific Cluster

Breathing is regulated by a host of arousal and sleep-wake state-dependent neuromodulators in order to maintain respiratory homeostasis. Modulators such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin (5-HT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), substance P, somatostatin, bombesin, orexin, and leptin can serve complementary or off-setting functions depending on the target cell type and signalling mechanisms engaged. Abnormalities in any of these modulatory mechanisms can destabilize breathing, suggesting modulatory mechanisms are not overly redundant but rather work in concert to maintain stable respiratory output. The present review focuses on the modulation of a specific cluster of neurons located in the ventral medullary surface, named retrotrapezoid nucleus, that is activated by changes in tissue CO2/H+ and regulates several aspects of breathing, including inspiration and active expiration.

Role of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Human Skin

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aton M. Holzer ◽  
Richard D. Granstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

Background: The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has long been known to drive and participate in countless intracellular processes. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin. Knowledge of the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin may help shape new therapies for skin injury, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous disorders. Objective: The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to current knowledge regarding the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin and to outline areas in which further research is necessary to clarify the nature and mechanism of these effects. Conclusion: Extracellular ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Original article Target cell type dependent immune activity of plant extracts in bovine raised under different technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Mates C. Ionut ◽  
Spinu Marina ◽  
Pall Emoke ◽  
Brudasca Florinel ◽  
Suatean Monica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Target Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Immune Activity

scholarly journals State-dependent cell-type-specific membrane potential dynamics and unitary synaptic inputs in awake mice

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Pala ◽  
Carl CH Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Inhibitory Neuron ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Cell Type Specific

The cellular and synaptic mechanisms driving cell-type-specific function during various cortical network activities and behaviors are poorly understood. Here, we targeted whole-cell recordings to two classes of inhibitory GABAergic neurons in layer 2/3 of the barrel cortex of awake head-restrained mice and correlated spontaneous membrane potential dynamics with cortical state and whisking behavior. Using optogenetic stimulation of single layer 2/3 excitatory neurons we measured unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (uEPSPs) across states. During active states, characterized by whisking and reduced low-frequency activity in the local field potential, parvalbumin-expressing neurons depolarized and, albeit in a small number of recordings, received uEPSPs with increased amplitude. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing neurons hyperpolarized and reduced firing rates during active states without consistent change in uEPSP amplitude. These results further our understanding of neocortical inhibitory neuron function in awake mice and are consistent with the hypothesis that distinct genetically-defined cell classes have different state-dependent patterns of activity.

scholarly journals Evaluating Cell Identity from Transcription Profiles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Mah ◽  
Katerina Taškova ◽  
Khadija El Amrani ◽  
Krithika Hariharan ◽  
Andreas Kurtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Cell ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Identity ◽  
Transcription Profiles ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
A Cell

SummaryInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and direct lineage programming offer promising autologous and patient-specific sources of cells for personalized drug-testing and cell-based therapy. Before these engineered cells can be widely used, it is important to evaluate how well the engineered cell types resemble their intended target cell types. We have developed a method to generate CellScore, a cell identity score that can be used to evaluate the success of an engineered cell type in relation to both its initial and desired target cell type, which are used as references. Of 20 cell transitions tested, the most successful transitions were the iPS cells (CellScore > 0.9), while other transitions (e.g. induced hepatocytes or motor neurons) indicated incomplete transitions (CellScore < 0.5). In principle, the method can be applied to any engineered cell undergoing a cell transition, where transcription profiles are available for the reference cell types and the engineered cell type.HighlightsA curated standard dataset of transcription profiles from normal cell types was created.CellScore evaluates the cell identity of engineered cell types, using the curated dataset.CellScore considers the initial and desired target cell type.CellScore identifies the most successfully engineered clones for further functional testing.

Ventral medullary surface activity during sleep, waking, and anesthetic states in the goat

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. R1154-R1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rector ◽  
D. Gozal ◽  
H. V. Forster ◽  
P. J. Ohtake ◽  
L. G. Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Activity ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface

We examined activity, measured as changes in reflected light, from the surface of a rostral ventral medullary area that is involved in cardiorespiratory control. We collected images during sleep and waking states and during halothane anesthesia in five adult unrestrained goats. During quiet sleep, overall activity increased and overall variability decreased compared with waking levels, whereas rapid eye movement sleep increased variability, and average activity decreased to near-waking levels. Distinct regions of activation and suppression appeared during sleep states. Deep anesthesia decreased activity and minimized variation. We speculate that alterations in rostral ventral medullary surface activity may play a role in state-dependent changes in cardiorespiratory control mechanisms.

Local effects of substance P on respiratory regulation in the rat medulla oblongata

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. B. Chen ◽  
J. Hedner ◽  
T. Hedner
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface

The effect of substance P (SP) and the SP antagonist [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]-SP on basal ventilation was investigated in halothane-anesthetized rats. Microinjections of SP (0.4-1.5 nmol) into the ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM), (nuclei gigantocellularis, facialis, ambiguus, and reticularis lateralis) or into the dorsomedial medulla oblongata (DM, nucleus tractus solitarius) and its ventral surroundings dose dependently increased tidal volume (VT) and/or minute ventilation. In sensitive areas, the ventilatory stimulation was initiated within minutes, peaked around 8-10 min, and slowly returned to normal over 30-45 min after the injection. In the VLM sites, the increase in VT was generally accompanied by a decrease in respiratory frequency (f), whereas in the DM, f increased in parallel with VT. Furthermore, within the VLM, the respiratory response patterns differed with the definite location of the SP injection. A shortening of inspiratory time was observed in the ventromedial part, the ventrolateral portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis and ventral to the nucleus facialis. In contrast, a lengthening of expiratory time was seen when SP was injected or applied more laterally along the ventral portion of nucleus facialis and near or directly on the ventral medullary surface. Application of [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP before or after SP completely antagonized the excitatory effects of SP on ventilation. The SP antagonist administered into the VLM decreased the ventilatory response to hypoxic breathing but caused no change during hyperoxic conditions.

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