scholarly journals Long-term patch recordings from adult spinal neurons herald new era of opportunity

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 2794-2795
Author(s):  
Shawn Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Spinal Neurons ◽  
New Era ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Perforated Patch ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
Landmark Study

Recently, Andreas Husch, Nathan Cramer, and Ronald M. Harris-Warrick achieved a remarkable breakthrough in patch-clamp recordings of ventral horn neurons in the adult spinal cord slice preparation. This landmark study that breaks the “age barrier” is titled “Long-duration perforated patch recordings from spinal interneurons of adult mice” (Husch et al., in press). In it, the authors demonstrate the unprecedented ability to undertake day-long (up to 12 h), and utterly stable perforated patch recordings. A description of the methodology is detailed in their paper. Here, I give a brief overview before providing context to this extraordinary achievement.

scholarly journals Single cell and ensemble activity of lumbar intermediate and ventral horn interneurons in the spinal air-stepping cat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal McMahon ◽  
David P Kowalski ◽  
Alexander J Krupka ◽  
Michel A Lemay
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Network Activation ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

We explored the relationship between population interneuronal network activation and motor output in the adult, in-vivo, air stepping, spinal cat. By simultaneously measuring the activity of large numbers of spinal interneurons, we explored ensembles of coherently firing interneurons and their relation to motor output. Additionally, the networks were analyzed in relation to their spatial distribution along the lumbar enlargement for evidence of localized groups driving particular phases of the locomotor step cycle. We simultaneously recorded hindlimb EMG activity during stepping and extracellular signals from 128 channels across two polytrodes inserted within lamina V-VII of two separate lumbar segments. Results indicated that spinal interneurons participate in one of two ensembles that are highly correlated with the flexor or the extensor muscle bursts during stepping. Interestingly, less than half of the isolated single units were significantly unimodally tuned during the step cycle while >97% of the single units of the ensembles were significantly correlated with muscle activity. These results show the importance of population scale analysis in neural studies of behavior as there is a much greater correlation between muscle activity and ensemble firing than between muscle activity and individual neurons. Finally, we show that there is no correlation between interneurons' rostrocaudal locations within the lumbar enlargement and their preferred phase of firing or ensemble participation. These findings indicate that spinal interneurons of lamina V-VII encoding for different phases of the locomotor cycle are spread throughout the lumbar enlargement in the adult spinal cord.

Computer Analyses in Preventive Health Research

1967 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Collen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
New Era ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Normal Test ◽  
Computer Analyses

The utilization of an automated multitest laboratory as a data acquisition center and of a computer for trie data processing and analysis permits large scale preventive medical research previously not feasible. Normal test values are easily generated for the particular population studied. Long-term epidemiological research on large numbers of persons becomes practical. It is our belief that the advent of automation and computers has introduced a new era of preventive medicine.

CHANGES IN BLOOD PROTEOME OF COSMONAUTS WITH MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR INJURIES DUE TO G-LOADS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
L.Kh. Pastushkova ◽  
◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Integrated Response

The integrated response of the human proteome to re-entry g-loads following long-term space missions was studied in 13 male cosmonauts at the age of 44 ± 6 years. Examination at the landing site discovered local petechial hemorrhages into soft tissues of the back and lower legs. The paper presents a new approach to evaluation of petechia and soft tissue hemorrhages in cosmonauts on return to Earth. Proteomic analysis was performed with the use of LC-MS. Bioinformation analysis was made using Perseus, PubMed, Uniprot and ANDSystem software. Nine out of 19 significantly different (p < 0.05) proteins were related to vascular injuries directly. We described proteins with a primarily protecting effect against endothelial cells apoptosis and augmentation of vascular permeability, proteins that are responsible for blood rheology and proteins antagonistic to the main triggers of ischeamia-reperfusion injuries of the lungs, liver and other parenchymal organs.

scholarly journals The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Target of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation—Where Have We Gone So Far?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2157
Author(s):  
Anila Duni ◽  
Vassilios Liakopoulos ◽  
Vasileios Koutlas ◽  
Charalampos Pappas ◽  
Michalis Mitsis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Endothelial Permeability ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion Injury ◽  
New Era ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate

The damage of the endothelial glycocalyx as a consequence of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury (IRI) following kidney transplantation has come at the spotlight of research due to potential associations with delayed graft function, acute rejection as well as long-term allograft dysfunction. The disintegration of the endothelial glycocalyx induced by IRI is the crucial event which exposes the denuded endothelial cells to further inflammatory and oxidative damage. The aim of our review is to present the currently available data regarding complex links between shedding of the glycocalyx components, like syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate, and CD44 with the activation of intricate immune system responses, including toll-like receptors, cytokines and pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Evidence on modes of protection of the endothelial glycocalyx and subsequently maintenance of endothelial permeability as well as novel nephroprotective molecules such as sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), are also depicted. Although advances in technology are making the visualization and the analysis of the endothelial glycocalyx possible, currently available evidence is mostly experimental. Ongoing progress in understanding the complex impact of IRI on the endothelial glycocalyx, opens up a new era of research in the field of organ transplantation and clinical studies are of utmost importance for the future.

scholarly journals Prenatally traumatized mice reveal hippocampal methylation and expression changes of the stress-related genes Crhr1 and Fkbp5

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Christine Plank ◽  
Stefan Frey ◽  
Lukas Andreas Basedow ◽  
Jalal Solati ◽  
Fabio Canneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Long Term Impact

AbstractIn our previous study, we found that prenatal trauma exposure leads to an anxiety phenotype in mouse pups, characterized by increased corticosterone levels and increased anxiety-like behavior. In order to understand the mechanisms by which aversive in utero experience leads to these long-lasting behavioral and neuroendocrine changes, we investigated stress reactivity of prenatally traumatized (PT) mice, as well as the expression and methylation levels of several key regulatory genes of the stress axis in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) of the PT embryo and adult mice. We detected increased corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (Crhr1) and decreased FK506 binding protein 5 (Fkbp5) mRNA levels in the left dHPC of adult PT mice. These alterations were accompanied by a decreased methylation status of the Crhr1 promoter and an increased methylation status of the Fkbp5 promoter, respectively. Interestingly, the changes in Fkbp5 and Crhr1 mRNA levels were not detected in the embryonic dHPC of PT mice. Together, our findings provide evidence that prenatal trauma has a long-term impact on stress axis function and anxiety phenotype associated with altered Crhr1 and Fkbp5 transcripts and promoter methylation.

Hippocampal long-term potentiation in adult mice after recovery from ketamine anesthesia

Lab Animal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia O. Ribeiro ◽  
Henrique B. Silva ◽  
Ângelo R. Tomé ◽  
Rodrigo A. Cunha ◽  
Luís M. Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia

scholarly journals Long-Term Microgravity Effects on Isometric Handgrip and Precision Pinch Force with Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ilario Puglia ◽  
Michele Balsamo ◽  
Marco Vukich ◽  
Valfredo Zolesi
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Space Flights ◽  
Pinch Force ◽  
Long Duration

The study and analysis of human physiology during short- and long-duration space flights are the most valuable approach in order to evaluate the effect of microgravity on the human body and to develop possible countermeasures in prevision of future exploratory missions and Mars expeditions. Hand performances such as force output and manipulation capacity are fundamental for astronauts’ intra- and extravehicular activities. Previous studies on upper limb conducted on astronauts during short-term missions (10 days) indicated a temporary partial reduction in the handgrip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by a prompt recovery and adaptation to weightlessness during the last days of the mission. In the present study, we report on the “Crew’s Health: Investigation on Reduced Operability” (CHIRO) protocol, developed for handgrip and pinch force investigations, performed during the six months increment 7 and increment 8 (2003-2004) onboard International Space Station (ISS). We found that handgrip and pinch force performance are reduced during long-term increments in space and are not followed by adaptation during the mission, as conversely reported during short-term increment experiments. The application of protocols developed in space will be eligible to astronauts during long-term space missions and to patients affected by muscle atrophy diseases or nervous system injury on Earth.

NFL Football

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Crepeau
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
National Football League ◽  
First Century ◽  
Collective Bargaining Agreement ◽  
Success Story ◽  
New Era ◽  
Drug Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society

A multibillion-dollar entertainment empire, the National Football League is a coast-to-coast obsession that borders on religion and dominates our sports-mad culture. But today's NFL also provides a stage for playing out important issues roiling American society. This updated and expanded edition of NFL Football observes the league's centennial by following the NFL into the twenty-first century, where off-the-field concerns compete with touchdowns and goal line stands for headlines. Richard C. Crepeau delves into the history of the league and breaks down the new era with an in-depth look at the controversies and dramas swirling around pro football today:  Tensions between players and Commissioner Roger Goodell over collusion, drug policies, and revenue, including analysis of the 2020 collective bargaining agreement  The firestorm surrounding Colin Kaepernick and protests of police violence and inequality  Andrew Luck and others choosing early retirement over the threat to their long-term health  Paul Tagliabue's role in covering up information on concussions  The Super Bowl's evolution into a national holiday Authoritative and up to the minute, NFL Football continues the epic American success story.

Changes in serotonin-induced potentials during spinal cord development

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1338-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ziskind-Conhaim ◽  
B. S. Seebach ◽  
B. X. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Repetitive Firing ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Spinal Neurons ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

1. Motoneuron responses to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and the growth pattern of 5-HT projections into the ventral horn were studied in the isolated spinal cord of embryonic and neonatal rats. 2. 5-HT projections first appeared in lumbar spinal cord at days 16-17 of gestation (E16-E17) and were localized in the lateral and ventral funiculi. By E18, the projections had grown into the ventral horn, and at 1-2 days after birth they were in close apposition to motoneuron somata. 3. At E16-E17, slow-rising depolarizing potentials of 1-4 mV were recorded intracellularly in lumbar motoneurons in response to bath application of 5-HT. These potentials were not apparent after E18; at that time 5-HT generated long-lasting depolarizations with an average amplitude of 6 mV, and an increase of 11% in membrane resistance. Starting at E18, 5-HT also induced high-frequency fast-rising potentials that were blocked by antagonists of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine. 4. Motoneuron responses to 5-HT increased significantly after birth, when 5-HT produced an average depolarization of 19 mV and repetitive firing of action potentials. 5. Tetrodotoxin and high Mg2+ did not reduce the amplitude of the long-lasting depolarizations, which suggested that they were produced by direct action of 5-HT on motoneuron membrane. 6. At all developmental ages, 5-HT reduced the amplitude of dorsal root-evoked potentials. The suppressed responses were neither due to 5-HT-induced depolarization nor the result of a decrease in motoneuron excitability. 7. The pharmacological profile of 5-HT-induced potentials was studied with the use of various agonists and antagonists of 5-HT. The findings indicated that the actions of 5-HT on spinal neurons were mediated via multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes. 8. Our results suggested that 5-HT excited spinal neurons before 5-HT projections grew into the ventral horn. The characteristics of 5-HT-induced potentials changed, however, at the time when the density of 5-HT projections increased in the motor nuclei.

Physiology and Morphology of Shared and Specialized Spinal Interneurons for Locomotion and Scratching

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 2887-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Potential Oscillations ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Membrane Potential Oscillations

Distinct types of rhythmic movements that use the same muscles are typically generated largely by shared multifunctional neurons in invertebrates, but less is known for vertebrates. Evidence suggests that locomotion and scratching are produced partly by shared spinal cord interneuronal circuity, although direct evidence with intracellular recording has been lacking. Here, spinal interneurons were recorded intracellularly during fictive swimming and fictive scratching in vivo and filled with Neurobiotin. Some interneurons that were rhythmically activated during both swimming and scratching had axon terminal arborizations in the ventral horn of the hindlimb enlargement, indicating their likely contribution to hindlimb motor outputs during both behaviors. We previously described a morphological group of spinal interneurons (“transverse interneurons” or T neurons) that were rhythmically activated during all forms of fictive scratching at higher peak firing rates and with larger membrane potential oscillations than scratch-activated spinal interneurons with different dendritic orientations. The current study demonstrates that T neurons are activated during both swimming and scratching and thus are components of the shared circuitry. Many spinal interneurons activated during fictive scratching are also activated during fictive swimming (scratch/swim neurons), but others are suppressed during swimming (scratch-specialized neurons). The current study demonstrates that some scratch-specialized neurons receive strong and long-lasting hyperpolarizing inhibition during fictive swimming and are also morphologically distinct from T neurons. Thus this study indicates that locomotion and scratching are produced by a combination of shared and dedicated interneurons whose physiological and morphological properties are beginning to be revealed.

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