scholarly journals Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and Ion Transport Between Body Fluid Compartments

Physiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian L. Seifter ◽  
Hsin-Yun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Ph Homeostasis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Fluid Compartments

Clinical assessment of acid-base disorders depends on measurements made in the blood, part of the extracellular compartment. Yet much of the metabolic importance of these disorders concerns intracellular events. Intracellular and interstitial compartment acid-base balance is complex and heterogeneous. This review considers the determinants of the extracellular fluid pH related to the ion transport processes at the interface of cells and the interstitial fluid, and between epithelial cells lining the transcellular contents of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts that open to the external environment. The generation of acid-base disorders and the associated disruption of electrolyte balance are considered in the context of these membrane transporters. This review suggests a process of internal and external balance for pH regulation, similar to that of potassium. The role of secretory gastrointestinal epithelia and renal epithelia with respect to normal pH homeostasis and clinical disorders are considered. Electroneutrality of electrolytes in the ECF is discussed in the context of reciprocal changes in Cl−or non Cl−anions and [Formula: see text].

Interactions between cutaneous ion-exchange mechanisms and acid–base balance in amphibians

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070-3077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Stiffler
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Exercise Induced

It has been suspected for over 50 years that amphibian ion exchange involves independent transport of Na+ and Cl− in an inward direction across the skin in exchange for acidic cations and basic anions, respectively. Although a role for such exchange mechanisms has obvious utility in acid–base balance, their participation in this homeostatic process has only recently been documented. We now know that in aquatic Ambystoma tigrinum, the presence of NaCl in the water bathing the skin is required for acid–base regulatory responses to hypercapnia and exercise-induced lactacidosis. Acidotic and alkalotic conditions in the animals' extracellular fluid cause changes in both Na+ and Cl− influx and net flux which are consistent with a role for ion transport in acid–base balance. These processes appear to be under the control of both catecholamines and interrenal steroids.

scholarly journals pH-regulation: the role of the hepatorenal system

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-117
Author(s):  
M. J. Pitout ◽  
G. T. Willemse
Keyword(s):  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Ph Homeostasis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Relationship

The regulation of the acid-base balance is generally regarded as a well entrenched area. However, a number of confusing views on pH-homeostasis, especially with reference to the relationship between the kidney and the ammonium buffer system, appear regularly in textbooks. One reason is that the correct stoichiometry of acid-base regulation is not mentioned. Recently the rote of the liver in pH regulation by controlling the bicarbonate concentration through urea synthesis is proposed. In this paper the role of the liver and kidneys as a team is discussed.

Acid-base balance and plasma composition in the aestivating lungfish (Protopterus)

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. R10-R17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. DeLaney ◽  
S. Lahiri ◽  
R. Hamilton ◽  
P. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Base Balance

Upon entering into aestivation, Protopterus aethiopicus develops a respiratory acidosis. A slow compensatory increase in plasma bicarbonate suffices only to partially restore arterial pH toward normal. The cessation of water intake from the start of aestivation results in hemoconcentration and marked oliguria. The concentrations of most plasma constituents continue to increase progressively, and the electrolyte ratios change. The increase in urea concentration is disproportionately high for the degree of dehydration and constitutes an increasing fraction of total plasma osmolality. Acid-base and electrolyte balance do not reach a new equilibrium within 1 yr in the cocoon.

scholarly journals Effect of Simulated Matches on Post-Exercise Biochemical Parameters in Women’s Indoor and Beach Handball

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5046
Author(s):  
Joanna Kamińska ◽  
Tomasz Podgórski ◽  
Jakub Kryściak ◽  
Maciej Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Base Balance

This study assesses the status of hydration and the acid-base balance in female handball players in the Polish Second League before and after simulated matches in both indoor (hall) and beach (outdoor) conditions. The values of biochemical indicators useful for describing water-electrolyte management, such as osmolality, hematocrit, aldosterone, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and magnesium, were determined in the players’ fingertip capillary blood. Furthermore, the blood parameters of the acid-base balance were analysed, including pH, standard base excess, lactate and bicarbonate ion concentration. Additionally, the pH and specific gravity of the players’ urine were determined. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. It was found that both indoor and beach simulated matches caused post-exercise changes in the biochemical profiles of the players’ blood and urine in terms of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Interestingly, the location of a simulated match (indoors vs. beach) had a statistically significant effect on only two of the parameters measured post-exercise: concentration of calcium ions (lower indoors) and urine pH (lower on the beach). A single simulated game, regardless of its location, directly affected the acid-base balance and, to a smaller extent, the water-electrolyte balance, depending mostly on the time spent physically active during the match.

Decrease in ureagenesis by partial hepatectomy does not influence acid-base balance

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. F696-F699
Author(s):  
T. Almdal ◽  
H. Vilstrup ◽  
K. Bjerrum ◽  
L. O. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Ph Homeostasis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Infusion

It has been suggested that urea synthesis participates directly in body pH homeostasis by removal of bicarbonate. To elucidate this hypothesis sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride was infused (11.5 mumol/min) for 90 min into control rats and into rats that had undergone an 85% hepatectomy immediately before starting the infusion. Urea synthesis rate was 2.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/min (mean +/- SE) in controls, and was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced to 1.0 +/- 0.2 mumol/min in partially hepatectomized rats. At the start of bicarbonate infusion, pH was 7.38 and 7.34 in control and partially hepatectomized rats, respectively, and at the end of infusion, pH was 7.56 and 7.51. Standard bicarbonate at start of bicarbonate infusion was 21.9 and 21.3 mM in controls and partially hepatectomized, respectively, and it increased to 32.7 and 29.9 mM at end of infusion. In saline-infused rats a slight decrease of approximately 0.05 pH units was observed during the experiment, but again no difference emerged between control and partially hepatectomized rats. It is concluded that a major role of the liver in the regulation of acid-base balance is unlikely.

Endocrine and metabolic emergencies

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Nursing Assessment ◽  
Base Balance

This chapter covers common metabolic disorders, principally disorders of glucose control, acid–base balance, and electrolyte balance. The nursing assessment and management of thyroid and adrenal gland emergencies are also covered.

Energy cost, fluid and electrolyte balance in subarctic survival situations

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence A. Rogers ◽  
James A. Setliff ◽  
John C. Klopping
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Cost

In two experiments a total of 12 men were subjected to 5 days of starvation under survival conditions in the winter subarctic. They wore flying clothing rated at 3.5 clo. The caloric cost, as calculated from oxygen consumption, was 2,300 kcal/m2 for the first day and 2,000 kcal/m2 for subsequent days at ambient temperatures of -30 C. At -10 C the cost of subsequent days fell to 1,500 kcal/m2. The subjects lost 8% of body weight but regained 5% body weight after 5 days refeeding on a barely maintenance diet. One-third of the original (8%) weight loss was due to an isotonic contraction of extracellular fluid. Changes in heart rate, pulse pressure, and hematocrit consistent with this fluid contraction were observed. Although the water intake did not exceed the 5-day urine volume (5 liters), the subjects did not experience thirst until after return to the warm. Note:(With the Technical Assistance of William P. Esser and Kermitt R. Skrettingland) caloric cost; cold exposure; electrolyte balance in starvation; fasting; fluid balance in starvation; IMP, integrating motor pneumotachograph; fat carbohydrate and protein catabolism in cold exposure and starvation; cold diuresis; sodium, potassium and acid-base balance in acute starvation Submitted on June 3, 1963

scholarly journals Different sources of sulfur in diets of adult cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dóris Pereira Halfen ◽  
Alexandre de Mello Kessler ◽  
Luciano Trevizan ◽  
Juliana Toloi Jeremias ◽  
Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Urinary Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Urinary Parameters ◽  
Different Sources

ABSTRACT: Urolithiasis is a common disorder in the veterinary clinic and is considered as one of the most frequently cause of morbidity. This disorder is closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation it is possible to modify the urinary pH. Sulfur is considered macroelement with a strong influence on the acid-base status and may be crucial to control urinary pH in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of addition of different sources of sulfur (S) in the diet of cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance. Forty-two healthy adult cats were divided into 3 groups, and each group of 14 cats received 7 diets in a complete randomized block design. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DL-methionine (DLM) and methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) were added to a control diet in two levels (1.28g S/kg and 2.56g S/kg) to formulate 6 other experimental diets. The acid-base balance was evaluated by hemogasometry in samples of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (P<0.05). Calcium sulfate; although, not differentiated from the control diet, has been shown to alter urinary pH despite its zero electrolyte balance. Apparently, the alkalizing effect of calcium was not sufficient to avoid sulfate acidification of the urine. Treatments showed no alteration of the acid-base balance of the animals and no affect the consumption of the diets.

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