A Pinhole Camera for Photographing X-Rays from Laser-Produced Plasmas*

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
J. J. Hohlfelder ◽  
M. A. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Pinhole Camera ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laboratory Calibration

AbstractA pinhole camera has been used to record low-energy x rays produced from CD2 microsphere irradiation with Sandia Laboratories four-beam, pulsed laser system. Camera useful energy range, spatial resolution, and x-ray energy sensitivity are discussed. Camera x-ray energy sensitivity which was determined by laboratory calibration is compared with measurements obtained with a multi-channel x-ray spectrometer. X-ray photographs of laser-irradiated microspheres are presented. Spatial information about the x-ray source derived from these photographs is discussed.

SOFT X-RAY EMISSION IN THE (1.0–1.5 KEV) WINDOW WITH NITROGEN FILLING IN A LOW ENERGY PLASMA FOCUS

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (09) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SHAFIQ ◽  
SARTAJ ◽  
S. HUSSAIN ◽  
M. SHARIF ◽  
S. AHMAD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Focus ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Filling Pressure ◽  
Pinhole Camera ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Current Sheath ◽  
Pin Diodes ◽  
X Ray

A study of soft X-ray emission in the 1.0–1.5 keV energy range from a low energy (1.15 kJ) plasma focus has been conducted. X-rays are detected with the combination of Quantrad Si PIN-diodes masked with Al (50 μm), Mg (100 μm) and Ni (17.5 μm) filters and with a pinhole camera. The X-ray flux is found to be measurable within the pressure range of 0.1–1.0 mbar nitrogen. In the 1.0–1.3 keV and 1.0–1.5 keV windows, the X-ray yield in 4π-geometry is 1.03 J and 14.0-J, respectively, at a filling pressure of 0.25 mbar and the corresponding efficiencies are 0.04% and 1.22%. The total X-ray emission in 4π-geometry is 21.8 J, which corresponds to the system efficiency of about 1.9%. The X-ray emission is found dominantly as a result of the interaction of energetic electrons in the current sheath with the anode tip. Images recorded by the pinhole camera confirm the emission of X-rays from the tip of the anode.

Low-energy cosmic X-ray measurements

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (23) ◽  
pp. 2651-2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Baxter ◽  
B. G. Wilson ◽  
D. W. Green
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Data Recovery ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
The Crab Nebula

An experiment is described to investigate cosmic X rays in the energy range 0.25–12 keV. The data-recovery system and methods of spectral analysis are considered. Results are presented for the energy spectrum of the diffuse X-ray component and its distribution over the northern sky down to 1.6 keV with a limited extension at 0.27 keV.In the energy range 1.6 to 12 keV, the spectrum is represented by:[Formula: see text]although separate analyses indicate a flattening below 4.5 keV to give:[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]At the lowest energies, the flux appears to increase more rapidly and exhibits some anisotropy in arrival directions related to the gross galactic structure. Spectral characteristics of the Crab Nebula and Cygnus X-2 have also been determined.

scholarly journals Development of an X-ray photoelectron microscopic system with a compact X-ray source

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIEMI FUJIKAWA ◽  
NAOHIRO YAMAGUCHI ◽  
TADAYUKI OHCHI ◽  
TAMIO HARA ◽  
KATSUMI WATANABE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Laser System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gaas Wafer ◽  
Laser Produced Plasma ◽  
Laser Experiment ◽  
Spontaneous Emissions

We have constructed an X-ray photoelectron microscopic system. An X-ray source is a laser-produced plasma in a scheme of an X-ray laser experiment. X rays involving amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) at 15.47 nm were delivered with a 10-Hz repetition rate from a compact X-ray laser system. X rays were collected and focused by a Schwarzschild optics coated with Mo/Si multilayers for a 15.47-nm X ray. Photoelectron signals due to the Ga 3d and As 3d electrons were observed, when a GaAs wafer was used as a sample. The spatial resolution of about 1 μm was confirmed.

scholarly journals Centaurus A at Hard X-Rays and Soft Gamma-Rays

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steinle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
X Ray

AbstractCen A, at a distance of less than 4 Mpc, is the nearest radio-loud AGN. Its emission is detected from radio to very-high energy gamma-rays. Despite the fact that Cen A is one of the best studied extragalactic objects the origin of its hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray emission (100 keV <E< 50 MeV) is still uncertain. Observations with high spatial resolution in the adjacent soft X-ray and hard gamma-ray regimes suggest that several distinct components such as a Seyfert-like nucleus, relativistic jets, and even luminous X-ray binaries within Cen A may contribute to the total emission in the MeV regime that has been detected with low spatial resolution. As the Spectral Energy Distribution of Cen A has its second maximum around 1 MeV, this energy range plays an important role in modeling the emission of (this) AGN. As there will be no satellite mission in the near future that will cover this energies with higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity, an overview of all existing hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray measurements of Cen A is presented here defining the present knowledge on Cen A in the MeV energy range.

Low Energy Mass Absorption Coefficients from Proton Induced X-ray Spectroscopy

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lurio ◽  
W. Reuter ◽  
J. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Proton Bombardment ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mass Absorption

We describe a new and reliable experimental technique for the measurement of mass absorption coefficients in the 0.1 to 1 keV energy range. In this technique, the absorbing film is supported directly on a substrate which under proton bombardment will generate the x-rays whose absorption will be measured. Results are given for thirteen different metals at the C Kα (277 eV) line.

scholarly journals Development of low-energy X-ray detectors using LGAD sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1226-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Andrä ◽  
Jiaguo Zhang ◽  
Anna Bergamaschi ◽  
Rebecca Barten ◽  
Camelia Borca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Internal Gain ◽  
Silicon Sensors

Recent advances in segmented low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) make them promising for the position-sensitive detection of low-energy X-ray photons thanks to their internal gain. LGAD microstrip sensors fabricated by Fondazione Bruno Kessler have been investigated using X-rays with both charge-integrating and single-photon-counting readout chips developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut. In this work it is shown that the charge multiplication occurring in the sensor allows the detection of X-rays with improved signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with standard silicon sensors. The application in the tender X-ray energy range is demonstrated by the detection of the sulfur K α and K β lines (2.3 and 2.46 keV) in an energy-dispersive fluorescence spectrometer at the Swiss Light Source. Although further improvements in the segmentation and in the quantum efficiency at low energy are still necessary, this work paves the way for the development of single-photon-counting detectors in the soft X-ray energy range.

X-ray flux from discrete sources

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
U. R. Rao ◽  
E. V. Chitnis ◽  
A. S. Prakasarao ◽  
U. B. Jayanthi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Absolute Flux ◽  
The Absolute

Preliminary results of two rocket flights carrying X-ray payloads conducted from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), Trivandrum, India, on November 3, 1968, and November 7, 1968, respectively, are presented. The results indicate the first evidence for the existence of low energy X-ray flux in the energy range 2–20 keV from Cen-X2 source since the reported extinction in May, 1967. The energy spectrum and the absolute flux of X-rays from Cen-X2, Sco-X1 and Tau-X1 are presented and compared with other observations.

scholarly journals Calibration and measurement of X-ray personal dose equivalent with a Hp(10) ionization chamber

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-19
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
Rui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Small Change

The value of personal dose equivalent at10 mm depth is to characterize the energy deposition of strong penetrating radiation in human body and is derived by measurement of air kerma and application of conversion coefficients from ISO report. However, the conversion coefficients depend strongly on the photon energy and angles of incidence for low-energy photons. In order to overcome the problem that the conversion coefficient of low energy rays changes greatly due to the small change of energy, a secondary standard ionization chamber was used to measure personal dose equivalent directly. A matched reference field was established with (20-250) kV X-rays and correction factors with Hp(10) chamber were calculated under these radiation qualities with different angles of incidence. The results showed that the differences were almost 22.7 % of correction factors for the low energy photons at angles of incidence 0?. With conversion coefficient recommended in ISO 4037-3-2019, performance of the chamber response with respect to Hp(10) in the energy range from 33 keV to 208 keV was within about ?10%, and in the energy range from 12 keV to 208 keV and for angles of incidence between 0? and 75? was within about ?19%.

Low-energy Bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra from a stable auroral arc

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (21) ◽  
pp. 2427-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Wilson ◽  
A. J. Baxter ◽  
D. W. Green
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rocket Experiment

During a rocket experiment launched to investigate cosmic X rays, the directional features and spectral characteristics of X rays from an auroral arc have been determined in the 1.6 to 10 keV energy range. The spectrum was best represented by a power law of slope −3.365 ± 0.07.

scholarly journals Recent Observations of Energetic Electrons in Solar Flares

1980 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
S. R. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Electron Distribution ◽  
Energetic Electron ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Thermal Source ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Energetic Electrons ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

SummaryIt has been apparent for the last few years that a large fraction of the total energy released during a solar flare appears initially in the form of energetic electrons accelerated during the impulsive phase. An estimate of the energy of these electrons is based on the observed hard x-ray spectra as well as the assumed form (thermal or non-thermal) of the electron distribution. Even after the basic form of the electron distribution is assumed, additional assumptions, such as the low energy cut-off in the case of the power law energy spectrum or existence of a multi-thermal source in the case of the thermal spectrum, are usually required. In order to test these assumptions, measurements of the hard x-ray spectrum with spatial resolution and covering a wide range of x-ray energy are essential. In absence of good spatial resolution, as is the case with most of the presently available hard x-ray observations, the impulsive x-ray emission at energies hv ≲ 10 keV is often unobservable because of the presence of a large background of relatively intense gradual emission associated with most flares. Observations made in the past suffered either because of the lack of a clearly identifiable impulsive x-ray emission at low energies (Peterson et al, 1973) or an adequate spectral resolution (Kahler, 1973). Thus so far it has not been possible to measure unambiguously the spectrum of impulsive x-rays ≲ 10 keV and hence to deduce a possible low energy cut-off in the energetic electron spectrum. Here we report briefly such an observation made with the ISEE-3 x-ray spectrometer experiment and its implications with regard to the characteristics of energetic electrons in solar flares.

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