scholarly journals Worms and the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Are Molecules the Answer?

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie E. Ruyssers ◽  
Benedicte Y. De Winter ◽  
Joris G. De Man ◽  
Alex Loukas ◽  
Arnold G. Herman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Immunological Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Identification And Characterization

The lack of exposure to helminth infections, as a result of improved living standards and medical conditions, may have contributed to the increased incidence of IBD in the developed world. Epidemiological, experimental, and clinical data sustain the idea that helminths could provide protection against IBD. Studies investigating the underlying mechanisms by which helminths might induce such protection have revealed the importance of regulatory pathways, for example, regulatory T-cells. Further investigation on how helminths influence both innate and adaptive immune reactions will shed more light on the complex pathways used by helminths to regulate the hosts immune system. Although therapy with living helminths appears to be effective in several immunological diseases, the disadvantages of a treatment based on living parasites are explicit. Therefore, the identification and characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the protective effect could lead to new therapeutic approaches in IBD and other immune diseases.

scholarly journals Transcriptome-based identification and characterization of genes responding to imidacloprid in Myzus persicae

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyu Meng ◽  
Xingjiang Chen ◽  
Changyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Abstract Myzus persicae is a serious and widespread agricultural pest, against which, imidacloprid remains an effective control measure. However, recent reports indicate that this aphid has evolved and developed resistance to imidacloprid. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and genetic basis of this resistance by conducting comparative transcriptomics studies on both imidacloprid-resistant (IR) and imidacloprid-susceptible (IS) M. persicae. The comparative analysis identified 252 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the IR and IS M. persicae transcriptomes. These candidate genes included 160 and 92 genes that were down- and up-regulated, respectively, in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. Using functional classification in the GO and KEGG databases, 187 DEGs were assigned to 303 functional subcategories and 100 DEGs were classified into 45 pathway groups. Moreover, several genes were associated with known insecticide targets, cuticle, metabolic processes, and oxidative phosphorylation. Quantitative real-time PCR of 10 DEGs confirmed the trends observed in the RNA sequencing expression profiles. These findings provide a valuable basis for further investigation into the complicated mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in M. persicae.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammatory Nexus of Pediatric Epilepsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 032-039
Author(s):  
Shruti Bagla ◽  
Alan Dombkowski
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Pediatric Epilepsy ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches

AbstractA rapidly growing body of evidence supports the premise that neuroinflammation plays an important role in initiating and sustaining seizures in a range of pediatric epilepsies. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is both an outcome and a contributor to seizures. In this manner, seizures that arise from an initial insult (e.g., infection, trauma, and genetic mutation) contribute to an inflammatory response that subsequently promotes recurrent seizures. This cyclic relationship between seizures and neuroinflammation has been described as a “vicious cycle.” Studies of human tissue resected for surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy have reported activated inflammatory and immune signaling pathways, while animal models have been used to demonstrate that key inflammatory mediators lead to increased seizure susceptibility. Further characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in this cycle may ultimately enable the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of epilepsy. In this brief review, we focus on key inflammatory mediators that have become prominent in recent literature of epilepsy, including newly characterized microRNAs and their potential role in neuroinflammatory signaling.

scholarly journals Selectivity of pyramidal cells and interneurons in the human medial temporal lobe

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias J. Ison ◽  
Florian Mormann ◽  
Moran Cerf ◽  
Christof Koch ◽  
Itzhak Fried ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond selectively to pictures of specific individuals, objects, and places. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to such degree of stimulus selectivity are largely unknown. A necessary step to move forward in this direction involves the identification and characterization of the different neuron types present in MTL circuitry. We show that putative principal cells recorded in vivo from the human MTL are more selective than putative interneurons. Furthermore, we report that putative hippocampal pyramidal cells exhibit the highest degree of selectivity within the MTL, reflecting the hierarchical processing of visual information. We interpret these differences in selectivity as a plausible mechanism for generating sparse responses.

Identification and Characterization of an Aβ Oligomer Precipitating Peptide That May Be Useful to Explore Gene Therapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Aileen Funke ◽  
Hongmei Liu ◽  
Torsten Sehl ◽  
Dirk Bartnik ◽  
Oleksandr Brener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Aβ Oligomer

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of a novel Enterococcus bacteriophage with potential to ameliorate murine colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Nishio ◽  
Hideo Negishi ◽  
Mika Yasui-Kato ◽  
Shoji Miki ◽  
Kazuhiko Miyanaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Murine Colitis ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Mucin 2 ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
Identification And Characterization

AbstractIncrease of the enteric bacteriophages (phage), components of the enteric virome, has been associated with the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, little is known about how a given phage contributes to the regulation of intestinal inflammation. In this study, we isolated a new phage associated with Enterococcus gallinarum, named phiEG37k, the level of which was increased in C57BL/6 mice with colitis development. We found that, irrespective of the state of inflammation, over 95% of the E. gallinarum population in the mice contained phiEG37k prophage within their genome and the phiEG37k titers were proportional to that of E. gallinarum in the gut. To explore whether phiEG37k impacts intestinal homeostasis and/or inflammation, we generated mice colonized either with E. gallinarum with or without the prophage phiEG37k. We found that the mice colonized with the bacteria with phiEG37k produced more Mucin 2 (MUC2) that serves to protect the intestinal epithelium, as compared to those colonized with the phage-free bacteria. Consistently, the former mice were less sensitive to experimental colitis than the latter mice. These results suggest that the newly isolated phage has the potential to protect the host by strengthening mucosal integrity. Our study may have clinical implication in further understanding of how bacteriophages contribute to the gut homeostasis and pathogenesis.

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