scholarly journals Glyco-biomarkers: Potential Determinants of Cellular Physiology and Pathology

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azita Alavi ◽  
John S. Axford
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Aberrant Glycosylation ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Exciting Possibility ◽  
Insight Into

Once dismissed as just the icing on the cake, sugar molecules are emerging as vital components in life’s intricate machinery. Our understanding of their function within the context of the proteins and lipids to which they are attached has matured rapidly, and with it the far reaching clinical implications are becoming understood.Recent advances in high-throughput glycomic techniques, glyco biomarker profiling, glyco-bioinformatics and development of increasingly sophisticated glyco-arrays, combined with our increased understanding of the molecular details of glycosylation have facilitated the linkage between aberrant glycosylation and human diseases, and highlighted the possibility of using glyco-biomarkers as potential determinants of disease and its progression.The focus of this review is to give an insight into the biological significance of these glycomodifications, highlight some specific examples of glyco-biomarkers in relation to autoimmunity and in particular rheumatoid arthritis, and to explore the exciting possibility of exploiting these for diagnostic and prognostic strategies.

scholarly journals RNA Phage Biology in a Metagenomic Era

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Callanan ◽  
Stephen Stockdale ◽  
Andrey Shkoporov ◽  
Lorraine Draper ◽  
R. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Rna Phage

The number of novel bacteriophage sequences has expanded significantly as a result of many metagenomic studies of phage populations in diverse environments. Most of these novel sequences bear little or no homology to existing databases (referred to as the “viral dark matter”). Also, these sequences are primarily derived from DNA-encoded bacteriophages (phages) with few RNA phages included. Despite the rapid advancements in high-throughput sequencing, few studies enrich for RNA viruses, i.e., target viral rather than cellular fraction and/or RNA rather than DNA via a reverse transcriptase step, in an attempt to capture the RNA viruses present in a microbial communities. It is timely to compile existing and relevant information about RNA phages to provide an insight into many of their important biological features, which should aid in sequence-based discovery and in their subsequent annotation. Without comprehensive studies, the biological significance of RNA phages has been largely ignored. Future bacteriophage studies should be adapted to ensure they are properly represented in phageomic studies.

scholarly journals Loss of core fucosylation in both ST6GAL1 and its substrate enhances glycoprotein sialylation in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoling Huang ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Yuqing Li ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Shijie Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Glycosylation Pathway ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Core Fucosylation

Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) and β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze α1,6-fucosylation and α2,6-sialylation, respectively, in the mammalian N-glycosylation pathway. They are aberrantly expressed in various human diseases. FUT8 is non-glycosylated but is responsible for the fucosylation of ST6GAL1. However, the mechanism for the interaction between these two enzymes is unknown. In this study, we show that serum levels of α2,6-sialylated N-glycans are increased in Fut8−/− mice, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of ST6GAL1 are unchanged in mouse live tissues. The level of α2,6-sialylation on IgG was also enhanced in Fut8−/− mice along with ST6GAL1 catalytic activity increase in both serum and liver. Moreover, it was observed that ST6GAL1 prefers non-fucosylated substrates. Interestingly, increased core fucosylation accompanied by a reduction in α2,6-sialylation, was detected in rheumatoid arthritis patient serum. These findings provide new insight into the interactions between FUT8 and ST6GAL1.

Nucleosome dynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Stockdale ◽  
Michael Bruno ◽  
Helder Ferreira ◽  
Elisa Garcia-Wilson ◽  
Nicola Wiechens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Nucleosome Dynamics ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Chromatin Structure And Dynamics

In the 30 years since the discovery of the nucleosome, our picture of it has come into sharp focus. The recent high-resolution structures have provided a wealth of insight into the function of the nucleosome, but they are inherently static. Our current knowledge of how nucleosomes can be reconfigured dynamically is at a much earlier stage. Here, recent advances in the understanding of chromatin structure and dynamics are highlighted. The ways in which different modes of nucleosome reconfiguration are likely to influence each other are discussed, and some of the factors likely to regulate the dynamic properties of nucleosomes are considered.

Nanoparticle-plasma Membrane Interactions: Thermodynamics, Toxicity and Cellular Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (20) ◽  
pp. 3330-3345
Author(s):  
Ana G. Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt ◽  
Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Membrane Interactions ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Insight Into

Nanomaterials have become part of our daily lives, particularly nanoparticles contained in food, water, cosmetics, additives and textiles. Nanoparticles interact with organisms at the cellular level. The cell membrane is the first protective barrier against the potential toxic effect of nanoparticles. This first contact, including the interaction between the cell membranes -and associated proteins- and the nanoparticles is critically reviewed here. Nanoparticles, depending on their toxicity, can cause cellular physiology alterations, such as a disruption in cell signaling or changes in gene expression and they can trigger immune responses and even apoptosis. Additionally, the fundamental thermodynamics behind the nanoparticle-membrane and nanoparticle-proteins-membrane interactions are discussed. The analysis is intended to increase our insight into the mechanisms involved in these interactions. Finally, consequences are reviewed and discussed.

Recent Advances for Cell / Gene Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
F. Apparailly ◽  
P. Plence ◽  
D. Noel ◽  
C. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Cell Gene
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