scholarly journals Neutrophil Reverse Migration Becomes Transparent with Zebrafish

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor W. Starnes ◽  
Anna Huttenlocher
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
A Site

The precise control of neutrophil-mediated inflammation is critical for both host defense and the prevention of immunopathology. In vivo imaging studies in zebrafish, and more recently in mice, have made the novel observation that neutrophils leave a site of inflammation through a process called neutrophil reverse migration. The application of advanced imaging techniques to the genetically tractable, optically transparent zebrafish larvae was critical for these advances. Still, the mechanisms underlying neutrophil reverse migration and its effects on the resolution or priming of immune responses remain unclear. Here, we review the current knowledge of neutrophil reverse migration, its potential roles in host immunity, and the live imaging tools that make zebrafish a valuable model for increasing our knowledge of neutrophil behavior in vivo.

scholarly journals Management of STEC Gastroenteritis: Is There a Role for Probiotics?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Giordano ◽  
Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre ◽  
Viviana Palmieri ◽  
Diletta D. Torres ◽  
Vincenza Carbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli (STEC) infections routinely run as a common gastroenteritis, but in many cases they may evolve towards hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is a rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Gut microorganisms have a fundamental impact on human physiology, because they modulate normal intestinal functions and play a pivotal role in influencing the local and systemic immune responses. Despite surveillance established in many countries and major progresses in the understanding of STEC-HUS mechanisms, no specific treatment is currently available. Targeting the gut microbiota could represent a new potential therapeutic strategy in STEC infection. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about microbiota characteristics of patients with STEC infections, as well as in vitro and in vivo evidence of probiotic supplementation in managing STEC gastroenteritis and in HUS onset prevention.

scholarly journals Cell Adhesion Molecules in Inflammation and Immunity: Relevance to Periodontal Diseases

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Crawford ◽  
Keiko Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Adhesive Interactions

Inflammatory and immune responses involve close contact between different populations of cells. These adhesive interactions mediate migration of cells to sites of inflammation and the effector functions of cells within the lesions. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the molecular basis of these intercellular contacts. Blocking interactions between cell adhesion molecules and their ligands has successfully suppressed inflammatory reactions in a variety of animal models in vivo. The role of the host response in periodontal disease is receiving renewed attention, but little is known of the function of cell adhesion molecules in these diseases. In this review we summarize the structure, distribution, and function of cell adhesion molecules involved in inflammatory/immune responses. The current knowledge of the distribution of cell adhesion molecules is described and the potential for modulation of cell adhesion molecule function is discussed.

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle in Cerebral Palsy: From Belly to Myofibril

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Howard ◽  
Walter Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Homeostasis

This review will provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of muscle contractures in cerebral palsy. Although much has been known about the clinical manifestations of both dynamic and static muscle contractures, until recently, little was known about the underlying mechanisms for the development of such contractures. In particular, recent basic science and imaging studies have reported an upregulation of collagen content associated with muscle stiffness. Paradoxically, contractile elements such as myofibrils have been found to be highly elastic, possibly an adaptation to a muscle that is under significant in vivo tension. Sarcomeres have also been reported to be excessively long, likely responsible for the poor force generating capacity and underlying weakness seen in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Overall muscle volume and length have been found to be decreased in CP, likely secondary to abnormalities in sarcomerogenesis. Recent animal and clinical work has suggested that the use of botulinum toxin for spasticity management has been shown to increase muscle atrophy and fibrofatty content in the CP muscle. Given that the CP muscle is short and small already, this calls into question the use of such agents for spasticity management given the functional and histological cost of such interventions. Recent theories involving muscle homeostasis, epigenetic mechanisms, and inflammatory mediators of regulation have added to our emerging understanding of this complicated area.

scholarly journals Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Katerina Apelt ◽  
Roel Bijkerk ◽  
Franck Lebrin ◽  
Ton J. Rabelink
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Renal Microcirculation ◽  
Microvascular Changes ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Behavior

Renal microvascular rarefaction plays a pivotal role in progressive kidney disease. Therefore, modalities to visualize the microcirculation of the kidney will increase our understanding of disease mechanisms and consequently may provide new approaches for evaluating cell-based therapy. At the moment, however, clinical practice is lacking non-invasive, safe, and efficient imaging modalities to monitor renal microvascular changes over time in patients suffering from renal disease. To emphasize the importance, we summarize current knowledge of the renal microcirculation and discussed the involvement in progressive kidney disease. Moreover, an overview of available imaging techniques to uncover renal microvascular morphology, function, and behavior is presented with the associated benefits and limitations. Ultimately, the necessity to assess and investigate renal disease based on in vivo readouts with a resolution up to capillary level may provide a paradigm shift for diagnosis and therapy in the field of nephrology.

scholarly journals A novel method to allow noninvasive, longitudinal imaging of the murine immune system in vivo

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 2545-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne B. Gibson ◽  
Robert A. Benson ◽  
Karen J. Bryson ◽  
Iain B. McInnes ◽  
Catherine M. Rush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging ◽  
Secondary Lymphoid Organs ◽  
To Receive

Abstract In vivo imaging has revolutionized understanding of the spatiotemporal complexity that subserves the generation of successful effector and regulatory immune responses. Until now, invasive surgery has been required for microscopic access to lymph nodes (LNs), making repeated imaging of the same animal impractical and potentially affecting lymphocyte behavior. To allow longitudinal in vivo imaging, we conceived the novel approach of transplanting LNs into the mouse ear pinna. Transplanted LNs maintain the structural and cellular organization of conventional secondary lymphoid organs. They participate in lymphocyte recirculation and exhibit the capacity to receive and respond to local antigenic challenge. The same LN could be repeatedly imaged through time without the requirement for surgical exposure, and the dynamic behavior of the cells within the transplanted LN could be characterized. Crucially, the use of blood vessels as fiducial markers also allowed precise re-registration of the same regions for longitudinal imaging. Thus, we provide the first demonstration of a method for repeated, noninvasive, in vivo imaging of lymphocyte behavior.

scholarly journals The Locus Coeruleus in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Postmortem and Brain Imaging Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rebecca Beardmore ◽  
Ruihua Hou ◽  
Angela Darekar ◽  
Clive Holmes ◽  
Delphine Boche
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Neuronal Loss

The locus coeruleus (LC), a tiny nucleus in the brainstem and the principal site of noradrenaline synthesis, has a major role in regulating autonomic function, arousal, attention, and neuroinflammation. LC dysfunction has been linked to a range of disorders; however particular interest is given to the role it plays in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The LC undergoes significant neuronal loss in AD, thought to occur early in the disease process. While neuronal loss in the LC has also been suggested to occur in aging, this relationship is less clear as the findings have been contradictory. LC density has been suggested to be indicative of cognitive reserve and the evidence for these claims will be discussed. Recent imaging techniques allowing visualization of the LC in vivo using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI are developing our understanding of the role of LC in aging and AD. Tau pathology within the LC is evident at an early age in most individuals; however, the relationship between tau accumulation and neuronal loss and why some individuals then develop AD is not understood. Neuromelanin pigment accumulates within LC cells with age and is proposed to be toxic and inflammatory when released into the extracellular environment. This review will explore our current knowledge of the LC changes in both aging and AD from postmortem, imaging, and experimental studies. We will discuss the reasons behind the susceptibility of the LC to neuronal loss, with a focus on the role of extracellular neuromelanin and neuroinflammation caused by the dysfunction of the LC-noradrenaline pathway.

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