scholarly journals Sternum Length and Rib Cage Dimensions Compared with Bodily Proportions in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Laurin ◽  
Vincent Jobin ◽  
François Bellemare
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Sternum Length

BACKGROUND: A greater structural expansion of the rib cage in females compared with males has been described in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients; however, conflicting data exist as to whether an elongation of the bony ribs and sternum contributes to this expansion.OBJECTIVES: To compare height-adjusted anthropometric measures and sternum length between a group of normal subjects and a group of CF patients of both sexes.METHODS: Anthropometric measurements including body weight, height, upper and lower limb lengths, biacromial distance and pelvic width were measured in the standing position in 30 CF patients (13 males) and 28 normal subjects (14 males). Body surface measurements of anterior-posterior and lateral diameters of the rib cage at functional residual capacity, and sternum length were also obtained.RESULTS: Compared with normal subjects, CF patients had lower body weight, shorter standing height and shorter height-adjusted upper and lower limb lengths. Rib cage diameters were greater in CF patients than in normal subjects of either sex, but height-adjusted sternum length was not different.CONCLUSION: Significant differences in bodily proportions were found between normal subjects and CF patients, suggesting a differential growth pattern for the trunk and limbs. However, increased rib cage dimensions with lung hyperinflation and airway obstruction was not associated with an elongation of the sternum.

Triangularis sterni muscle use in supine humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
V. Ninane ◽  
J. J. Gilmartin ◽  
C. Lemerre ◽  
M. Estenne
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Head Flexion ◽  
Static Head

The electrical activity of the triangularis sterni (transversus thoracis) muscle was studied in supine humans during resting breathing and a variety of respiratory and nonrespiratory maneuvers known to bring the abdominal muscles into action. Twelve normal subjects, of whom seven were uninformed and untrained, were investigated. The electromyogram of the triangularis sterni was recorded using a concentric needle electrode, and it was compared with the electromyograms of the abdominal (external oblique and rectus abdominis) muscles. The triangularis sterni was usually silent during resting breathing. In contrast, the muscle was invariably activated during expiration from functional residual capacity, expulsive maneuvers, “belly-in” isovolume maneuvers, static head flexion and trunk rotation, and spontaneous events such as speech, coughing, and laughter. When three trained subjects expired voluntarily with considerable recruitment of the triangularis sterni and no abdominal muscle activity, rib cage volume decreased and abdominal volume increased. These results indicate that unlike in the dog, spontaneous quiet expiration in supine humans is essentially a passive process; the human triangularis sterni, however, is a primary muscle of expiration; and its neural activation is largely coupled with that of the abdominals. The triangularis sterni probably contributes to the deflation of the rib cage during active expiration.

Changes in lung volume and rib cage configuration with abdominal binding in quadriplegia

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1198-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. McCool ◽  
B. M. Pichurko ◽  
A. S. Slutsky ◽  
M. Sarkarati ◽  
A. Rossier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Inspiratory Capacity ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Helium Dilution ◽  
Combined Data

Previous studies suggest that abdominal binding may affect the interaction of the rib cage and the diaphragm over the tidal range of breathing in quadriplegia. To determine whether abdominal binding influences rib cage motion over the entire range of inspiratory capacity, we used spirometry and the helium-dilution technique to measure functional residual capacity (FRC), inspiratory capacity, and total lung capacity (TLC) in eight quadriplegic and five normal subjects in supine, tilted (37 degrees), and seated positions. Combined data in all three positions indicated that, with abdominal binding, FRC and TLC decreased in normal subjects [delta FRC = -0.33 + 0.151 (SD) P less than 0.01); delta TLC = -0.16 + 0.121, P less than 0.05]. In quadriplegia there was also a reduction in FRC with binding (delta FRC = -0.32 + 0.101, P less than 0.001). However, TLC increased in quadriplegia (delta TLC = 0.07 + 0.061, P less than 0.025). In an additional six quadriplegic and five normal subjects, we used magnetometers to define the influences of abdominal binding on rib cage dimensions and TLC. In quadriplegia, rib cage dimensions were increased at TLC with abdominal binding, whereas there was no change in normals. Our data suggest that this inspiratory effect of abdominal binding on augmenting rib cage volume in quadriplegia is greater than the effect of impeding diaphragm descent, and thus abdominal binding produces a net increase in TLC in quadriplegia.

Breathing Patterns and Regional Ventilation Distribution in Tetraplegic Patients and in Normal Subjects

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bake ◽  
A. R. Fugl-Meyer ◽  
G. Grimby
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Small Airway Disease ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Traumatic Transection

1. The regional distribution of ventilation was studied with 133Xe techniques in the sitting position in six patients with complete traumatic transection of the cervical spinal cord, 3–40 months after the lesion, and in four normal subjects. The relative contributions of the rib cage and abdomen to ventilation were determined from chest-wall motions. 2. Total lung capacity (TLC) was decreased and residual volume increased in the patients. After correction for the decreased TLC, the distribution of the regional functional residual capacity in the tetraplegic patients was similar to that of the normal subjects. In the patients, where the abdomen contributed to about half of the tidal volume, decreased ventilation of basal regions was demonstrated from measurements of regional tidal volumes (Vtr) and regional 133Xe wash-in curves. 3. The distribution of ventilation in normal persons, however, was not changed by varying the relative contributions of the rib cage and abdomen to the tidal volume, as shown from Vtr and regional 133Xe wash-out measurements. 4. The results in the tetraplegic patients are interpreted as evidence of ‘small airway disease’, presumably from infection of the air way and impairment of the cough.

Multiple-breath washin of helium and sulfur hexafluoride in sustained microgravity

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kim Prisk ◽  
Ann R. Elliott ◽  
Harold J. B. Guy ◽  
Sylvia Verbanck ◽  
Manuel Paiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Diffusive Processes ◽  
Phase Iii Slope

Prisk, G. Kim, Ann R. Elliott, Harold J. B. Guy, Sylvia Verbanck, Manuel Paiva, and John B. West. Multiple-breath washin of helium and sulfur hexafluoride in sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 244–252, 1998.—We performed multiple-breath washouts of N2 and simultaneous washins of He and SF6 with fixed tidal volume (∼1,250 ml) and preinspiratory lung volume (approximately the subject’s functional residual capacity in the standing position) in four normal subjects (mean age 40 yr) standing and supine in normal gravity (1 G) and during exposure to sustained microgravity (μG). The primary objective was to examine the influence of diffusive processes on the residual, nongravitational ventilatory inhomogeneity in the lung in μG. We calculated several indexes of convective ventilatory inhomogeneity from each gas species. A normal degree of ventilatory inhomogeneity was seen in the standing position at 1 G that was largely unaltered in the supine position. When we compared the standing position in 1 G with μG, there were reductions in phase III slope in all gases, consistent with a reduction in convection-dependent inhomogeneity in the lung in μG, although considerable convective inhomogeneity persisted in μG. The reductions in the indexes of convection-dependent inhomogeneity were greater for He than for SF6, suggesting that the distances between remaining nonuniformly ventilated compartments in μG were short enough for diffusion of He to be an effective mechanism to reduce gas concentration differences between them.

The rib cage in normal and emphysematous subjects: a roentgenographic approach

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 2050-2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Sharp ◽  
G. A. Beard ◽  
M. Sunga ◽  
T. W. Kim ◽  
A. Modh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Intercostal Muscle ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Volume Functional ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Tension Generation

The configuration and motion of the bony rib cage were studied from lateral chest roentgenograms in 10 young normal subjects (YN), 12 elderly normal subjects, and 12 hyperinflated emphysematous patients [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects (COPD), mean total lung capacity (TLC) 133% of predicted]. The acute angles formed by the fourth through seventh ribs with an axial reference plane were measured at residual volume, functional residual capacity, and TLC in both supine and standing positions and correlated with corresponding lung volumes. both rib angles (RA) and changes in RA with lung volume were greatest with the fourth rib and decreased progressively going down (caudad) the chest. At TLC the RA of upper ribs was significantly less in EN and significantly greater in COPD than in YN. RA′s were greater supine than standing. When RA information was used together with autopsy data on the angles formed by intercostal muscles with adjacent ribs, intercostal muscle lengths in hyperinflation could be calculated. Computed intercostal muscle length data suggested that hyperinflation should not be associated with degrees of intercostal muscle shortening or overstretching, that would interfere seriously with tension generation.

Oxygen cost of resistive-loaded breathing in quadriplegia

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Manning ◽  
F. D. McCool ◽  
S. M. Scharf ◽  
E. Garshick ◽  
R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Loaded Breathing ◽  
The Mean

We hypothesized that, in quadriplegia, chest wall distortion would increase the energy cost of ventilation. To assess this, we measured the oxygen cost of breathing (VO2 resp) and changes in chest wall configuration during inspiratory resistive-loaded breathing tasks in five quadriplegic and five normal subjects. Each subject performed three breathing tasks that spanned a range of work rates (Wtot). Configurational changes of the abdomen and upper, lower, and transverse rib cage were assessed with magnetometers. We found that 1) in both groups, VO2resp increased linearly with Wtot over the range of tasks performed, 2) the mean slope of the regression line of VO2resp vs. Wtot was greater for quadriplegic than for normal subjects (3.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.7 ml O2/J, P less than 0.01), 3) efficiency of breathing (Wtot/VO2resp) was less for quadriplegic than for normal subjects (1.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.4%, P less than 0.001), 4) during inhalation, upper and lower rib cages behaved similarly in the two groups, but the quadriplegic subjects had a decrease in transverse rib cage and a much greater increase in abdomen than normal subjects, and 5) functional residual capacity decreased in normal but not in quadriplegic subjects during the breathing tasks. We conclude that the lesser efficiency of breathing in quadriplegia may be related to the elastic work of chest wall distortion, shorter mean operational diaphragm length, and possibly differences between normal and quadriplegic subjects in mechanical advantage of available inspiratory muscles.

Lung volume changes during relatively fluent speech in stutterers

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 696-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Johnston ◽  
K. L. Watkin ◽  
P. T. Macklem
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
Residual Capacity

We investigated breathing patterns in stutterers during relatively fluent speech and compared these with normal subjects for similar speech tasks. Rib cage and abdominal displacements and esophageal, gastric, and transdiaphragmatic pressures provided indexes of diaphragmatic, rib cage, and abdominal muscle contraction. We found that stutterers spoke either at substantially higher or lower lung volumes than normal subjects, confining their speech to the inspiratory capacity or expiratory reserve volume. During spontaneous speech, stutterers did not cross functional residual capacity (FRC) for most breaths. In addition, stutterers used several different motion pathways from breath to breath. At high lung volumes stutterers used the diaphragm to provide inspiratory braking. At lung volumes below FRC stutterers recruited their abdominals. This contrasted with normal subjects who spoke in the middle part of the vital capacity and who recruited inspiratory and expiratory rib cage muscles above and below FRC, respectively. Breath sizes were log-normally distributed in stutterers compared with a gaussian distribution in normal subjects (P < 0.001). During reading, stutterers tended to cross FRC (P < 0.01), used very similar initiation lung volumes from breath to breath (P < 0.001), and used similar motion pathways to achieve deflation. We conclude that stutterers sustain fluency by speaking at abnormally high or low lung volumes and that this may account for the different muscle patterns observed in stutterers compared with normal subjects.

Effect of [Asu,]eel calcitonin on prolactin release in normal subjects and patients with prolactinoma

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidesuke Kaji ◽  
Kazuo Chihara ◽  
Naoto Minamitani ◽  
Hitoshi Kodama ◽  
Tetsuya Kita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl ◽  
Male Subjects

Abstract. The effect of [Asu]eel calcitonin (ECT), an equipotent analogue of eel CT, on prolactin (Prl) secretion was examined in 12 healthy male subjects and in 6 patients with prolactinoma. In healthy subjects, ECT (0.5 μg/kg body weight · h) or saline was infused for 2 h and TRH was injected iv as a bolus of 500 μg at 1 h of ECT or saline administration. ECT did not affect basal Prl levels during 1 h of infusion. TRH caused a significant increase of plasma Prl with peak values of 75.2 ± 11.6 ng/ml in ECT-infused subjects, which did not differ from those infused with saline (68.5 ± 8.3 ng/ml). Next, an iv bolus injection of regular insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) was followed by an infusion of ECT or saline alone. Plasma Prl peaks after hypoglycaemic stress were significantly lower in ECT-infused subjects than those in saline-injected controls (ECT, 16.5 ± 3.1 vs 33.5 ± 9.6 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In patients with prolactinoma, basal levels of plasma Prl ranging from 42.0–4130 ng/ml failed to change during iv infusion of ECT. Moreover, ECT (10−9–10−6m) did not affect Prl release from prolactinoma tissues perifused in vitro. These findings suggest that ECT may not act directly on the pituitary to modify Prl release. Rather, peripherally administered ECT appears to suppress Prl release via the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Characterization of Wild-Type and ΔF508 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator in Human Respiratory Epithelia

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 2154-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia M. Kreda ◽  
Marcus Mall ◽  
April Mengos ◽  
Lori Rochelle ◽  
James Yankaskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Δf508 Cftr ◽  
Cftr Protein ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane

Previous studies in native tissues have produced conflicting data on the localization and metabolic fate of WT and ΔF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) in the lung. Combining immunocytochemical and biochemical studies utilizing new high-affinity CFTR mAbs with ion transport assays, we examined both 1) the cell type and region specific expression of CFTR in normal airways and 2) the metabolic fate of ΔF508 CFTR and associated ERM proteins in the cystic fibrosis lung. Studies of lungs from a large number of normal subjects revealed that WT CFTR protein localized to the apical membrane of ciliated cells within the superficial epithelium and gland ducts. In contrast, other cell types in the superficial, gland acinar, and alveolar epithelia expressed little WT CFTR protein. No ΔF508 CFTR mature protein or function could be detected in airway specimens freshly excised from a large number of ΔF508 homozygous subjects, despite an intact ERM complex. In sum, our data demonstrate that WT CFTR is predominantly expressed in ciliated cells, and ΔF508 CFTR pathogenesis in native tissues, like heterologous cells, reflects loss of normal protein processing.

A Simple Test for the Assessment of Aerobic Fitness

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
D. J. Smith ◽  
R. J. Pethybridge ◽  
A Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Anthropometric Measures

SummaryThe relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric measures, and the scores in three submaximal step tests have been evaluated in a group of 30 male subjects. Physical fitness was assessed as VO2max measured directly during uphill treadmill running. Each submaximal exercise test was of six minutes duration and the heart rate recorded during the last minute (fH6) constituted the test score. Significant negative correlation coefficients were found between VO2max and each test score while lean body mass, gross body weight and body surface area were allpositively correlated with VO2max (1/min). The score in the least severe step test was included with anthropometric measures in multiple linear regression analysis for the prediction of VO2max and a number of prediction equations were derived. It was found that when lean body mass is calculated from skinfold measurements and weight, VO2max can be calculated from the equation:VO2max(1/min) = 1.470 + 0.0614 × Lean Body mass −0.0131 × fH6This equation accounts for 73% of the total variation of VO2max. If lean body mass cannot be calculated, a combination of gross body weight and age plus fH6 gives the equation:VO2max = 3.614 + 0.0349 × Weight – 0.0177 × fH6−0.0161 × Ageaccounting for 66% of the variance. The test has the following advantages over those currently employed:It is simple to administer requiring 6 minutes of stepping onto a 32 cm platform—the height of a gymnasium bench—20 times per minute.Although ideally an assessment oflean body mass is required, gross body weight plus age is a good second best.It is submaximal, minimising the stress on the individual (mean heart rate achieved 121 beats per minute).Its accuracy in terms of its ability to predict maximal aerobic power is better than either the Ohio or Harvard University tests.It is suggested that this test could be used where maximal testing is contraindicated or where currently used tests are insufficiently accurate.

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