scholarly journals Chronic Treatment with Squid Phosphatidylserine Activates Glucose Uptake and Ameliorates TMT-Induced Cognitive Deficit in Rats via Activation of Cholinergic Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jung Park ◽  
Seung Youn Lee ◽  
Hyun Soo Shim ◽  
Jin Su Kim ◽  
Kyung Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3

The present study examined the effects of squid phosphatidylserine (Squid-PS) on the learning and memory function and the neural activity in rats with TMT-induced memory deficits. The rats were administered saline or squid derived Squid-PS (Squid-PS 50 mg kg−1,p.o.) daily for 21 days. The cognitive improving efficacy of Squid-PS on the amnesic rats, which was induced by TMT, was investigated by assessing the passive avoidance task and by performing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) immunohistochemistry. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose and performed a positron emission tomography (PET) scan was also performed. In the passive avoidance test, the control group which were injected with TMT showed a markedly lower latency time than the non-treated normal group (P<0.05). However, treatment of Squid-PS significantly recovered the impairment of memory compared to the control group (P<0.05). Consistent with the behavioral data, Squid-PS significantly alleviated the loss of ChAT immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal CA3 compared to that of the control group (P<0.01). Also, Squid-PS significantly increased the AchE positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3. In the PET analysis, Squid-PS treatment increased the glucose uptake more than twofold in the frontal lobe and the hippocampus (P<0.05, resp.). These results suggest that Squid-PS may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of cholinergic enzyme activity and neural activity.

scholarly journals Effect of Donepezil on Group II mGlu Receptor Agonist- or Antagonist-Induced Amnesia on Passive Avoidance in Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Sato ◽  
Koh-ichi Tanaka ◽  
Yoshiko Ohnishi ◽  
Masahiro Irifune ◽  
Takashige Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Ache Inhibitor ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Mglu Receptor ◽  
Group Ii

We examined the effect of the acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) inhibitor, donepezil hydrocloride (DONP), on group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonist- or antagonist-induced amnesia in the step-through passive avoidance task in male mice. DCG-IV, a group II mGlu receptor agonist, at dose of 50 ng and LY341495, a group II mGlu receptor antagonist, at dose of 300 ng, significantly attenuated the latency on the step-through task. The subcutaneous injection of DONP at dose of 1 mg/kg 1 hour before passive avoidance performance ameliorated the amnesia induced by DCG-IV and LY341495, whereas donepezil alone did not affect task latency. The results suggest that activation of group II mGlu receptors and disinhibition of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway (caused by group II mGlu receptor antagonist) have a negative action on step-through passive avoidance memory performance, and that group II mGlu receptors and ACh interact to modulate learning and memory function.

The combination of agomelatine and ritanserin exerts a synergistic interaction in passive avoidance task

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 787-795
Author(s):  
F İlkaya ◽  
M Yüce ◽  
AE Ağrı ◽  
H Güzel ◽  
H Balcı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Reference Drug

Agomelatine is a potent agonist at melatonergic 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) receptors and an antagonist at serotonin-2C (5HT-2C) receptors. It was suggested that psychotropic effects of agomelatine is associated with its melatonergic and serotonergic effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of agomelatine alone or in combination with ritanserin (5HT-2A/2C antagonist) on memory and learning. Male Balb-C mice (25–30 g) were used, and all drugs and saline were administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route 30 min prior to evaluating retention time. Whilst agomelatine was administered at the doses of 1, 10 and 30 mg/kg, ritanserin was administered at the doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg. To evaluate memory function, passive avoidance test was used. On the first day, acquisition time and on the second day (after 24h), retention time of mice were recorded. To evaluate the synergistic activity, only the least doses of agomelatine and ritanserine were used, that is, 1 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug, so it was combined with drug groups. Our results show that 5HT-2A/2C receptor antagonist ritanserin (1 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and agomelatine (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) improve memory deficit induced by scopolamine, whilst a synergistic interaction is observed between ritanserin and agomelatine (0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) when they were administered at their ineffective doses. According to our findings, we concluded that agomelatine improves memory deficit and thus improves the effect of agomelatine arises from its 5HT-2C receptor antagonist activity.

scholarly journals Maintenance of the Amygdala-Hippocampal Circuit Function with Safe and Feasible Shaking Exercise Therapy in SAMP-10 Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Runhong Yao ◽  
Kazuhiro Nishii ◽  
Naoki Aizu ◽  
Takumi Kito ◽  
Kazuyoshi Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Passive Avoidance Task ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Ca1 Region

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Patients with dementia show reduced adaptive, behavioral, and physiological responses to environmental threats. Physical exercise is expected to delay brain aging, maintain cognitive function and, consequently, help dementia patients face threats and protect themselves skillfully. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To confirm this, we aimed to investigate the effects of the shaking exercise on the avoidance function in the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone strain-10 (SAMP-10) model at the behavioral and tissue levels. SAMP-10 mice were randomized into 2 groups: a control group and a shaking group. The avoidance response (latency) of the mice was evaluated using a passive avoidance task. The degree of amygdala and hippocampal aging was evaluated based on the brain morphology. Subsequently, the association between avoidance response and the degree of amygdala-hippocampal aging was evaluated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Regarding the passive avoidance task, the shaking group showed a longer latency period than the control group (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05), even and low intensity staining of ubiquitinated protein, and had a higher number of and larger neurons than those of the control group. The difference between the groups was more significant in the BA region of the amygdala and the CA1 region of the hippocampus (staining degree: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05, neuron size: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01, neuron counts: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) than in other regions. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The shaking exercise prevents nonfunctional protein (NFP) accumulation, neuron atrophy, and neuron loss; delays the aging of the amygdala and hippocampus; and maintains the function of the amygdala-hippocampal circuit. It thus enhances emotional processing and cognition functions, the memory of threats, the skillful confrontation of threats, and proper self-protection from danger.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effect of Bean Phosphatidylserine on TMT-Induced Memory Deficits in a Rat Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4901
Author(s):  
Minsook Ye ◽  
Bong Hee Han ◽  
Jin Su Kim ◽  
Kyungsoo Kim ◽  
Insop Shim
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Avoidance Task

Background: Trimethyltin (TMT) is a potent neurotoxin affecting various regions of the central nervous system, including the neocortex, the cerebellum, and the hippocampus. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a membrane phospholipid, which is vital to brain cells. We analyzed the neuroprotective effects of soybean-derived phosphatidylserine (Bean-PS) on cognitive function, changes in the central cholinergic systems, and neural activity in TMT-induced memory deficits in a rat model. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into an untreated normal group, a TMT group (injected with TMT + vehicle), and a group injected with TMT + Bean-PS. The rats were treated with 10% hexane (TMT group) or TMT + Bean-PS (50 mg·kg−1, oral administration (p.o.)) daily for 21 days, following a single injection of TMT (8.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). The cognitive function of Bean-PS was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test and a passive avoidance task (PAT). The expression of acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the hippocampus was assessed via immunohistochemistry. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan was used to measure the glucose uptake in the rat brain. Results: Treatment with Bean-PS enhanced memory function in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Consistent with the behavioral results, treatment with Bean-PS diminished the damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus, in contrast to those of the TMT group. The TMT+Bean-PS group showed elevated glucose uptake in the frontal lobe of the rat brain. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Bean-PS protects against TMT-induced learning and memory impairment. As such, Bean-PS represents a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Molecular imaging of lung glucose uptake after endotoxin in mice

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. L760-L768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Zhou ◽  
James Kozlowski ◽  
Andrea L. Goodrich ◽  
Nathaniel Markman ◽  
Delphine L. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Drug Inhibition ◽  
Additional Agent

Positron emission tomographic imaging after administration of the glucose analog fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) may be useful to study neutrophilic inflammation of the lungs. In this study, we sought to determine the specificity of the increase in lung [18F]FDG uptake after intraperitoneal endotoxin (Etx) for neutrophil influx into mouse lungs and to determine the regulation of glucose uptake after Etx by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TNF-α. Lung tissue radioactivity measurements by imaging were validated against counts in a gamma well counter. Glucose uptake was quantified as the [18F]FDG tissue-to-blood radioactivity ratio (TBR) after validating this measure against the “gold standard” measure of glucose uptake, the “net influx rate constant.” TBR measurements were made in a control group (no intervention), a group administered Etx, and a group administered Etx plus an additional agent (e.g., vinblastine) or Etx administered to a mutant mouse strain. The glucose uptake measurements were compared with measurements of myeloperoxidase. Increases in TBR after Etx were significantly but not completely eliminated by neutrophil depletion with vinblastine. Increases in TBR after Etx were consistent with signaling via either TLR-4 or TLR-2 (the latter probably secondary to peptidoglycan contaminants in Etx preparation) and were decreased by drug inhibition of TLR-4 but not by inhibition of TNF-α. Thus molecular imaging can be used to noninvasively monitor biological effects of Etx on lungs in mice, and changes in lung glucose uptake can be used to monitor effects of anti-inflammatory agents. Such imaging capacity provides a powerful new paradigm for translational “mouse-to-human” pulmonary research.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN OPEN FIELD BEHAVIOR AND DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN “DEPRESSIVE” RATS WITH HIGH IMMOBILITY AND DECREASED LEVEL OF BRAIN MONOAMINES

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Melano Shavgulidze ◽  
Eka Chkhartishvili ◽  
Mariam Babilodze ◽  
Nino Rogava ◽  
Nargiz Nachkebia
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dark Section

INTRODUCTION Changes in some forms of motivational-emotional behavior, learning and memory are thought to be characteristic for major depressive disease. However, results existing until today about the character of changes in motivational-emotional and exploratory behavior as well as character of disorders in declarative memory, accompanying major depressive disease, are not unambiguous. Therefore, studying them in animal models of depression is very topical and important. METHODS Experiments were conducted on adult white wild rats (with 250-300 g weight). “Depressive” and “non- depressive” rats were selected according to the level of immobility in forced swim test. Rats with low level of immobility, “non-depressive” rats, constituted control group and rats with high level of immobility, “depressive” rats, constituted the experimental group (10 rats in each). Changes of motivational-emotional and exploratory behavior were studied in open field test. The changes of learning and memory were studied in the fear motivated one trial passive avoidance test considered as the declarative memory test. Experiments were carried out on “non-depressive”, control and “depressive”, experimental groups (10 rats in each). Obtained results were processed statistically by Student’s t-test. RESULTS Sharp decrease in locomotion was found in rats with high level of immobility. It was manifested in a significant decrease of the number of crossed squares. The quantitative indices of vertical activity, vertical standings, head risings, were also sharply decreased. Fear reaction was considerably increased in “depressive” rats, manifested in the significant decrease of the number of entering in the center of open field and grooming and sharp increase in defecation rate. Investigation of the changes of learning and memory in the passive avoidance test has shown that the latency of entering from the light into dark section of passive avoidance camera, in the learning session, was sharply increased in “depressive” rats. They revealed an impaired ability to evaluate the level of danger coming from the brightly illuminated open area and therefore they do not hurry to escape from the dangerous section. The difference between “depressive” and “non-depressive” rats was maintained even after 24 hours from receiving a painful stimulation. In particular, the animals of control group remember that they have received a painful stimulation in dark section during learning session and do not enter there during testing session, whereas the experimental animals with considerable delay but still enter in the dark section during testing session, therefore, they show significant impairment of declarative memory in passive avoidance task. CONCLUSIONS Locomotor and exploratory behavior are impaired and fear motivation is increased in the open field in “depressive” rats with high immobility and low level of monoamines content in the brain. Learning and memory in one of the tests of declarative memory, so called passive avoidance task, is disturbed.

Effectiveness of humor on short term memory function in age matched elderly and diabetic subjects vs. control group

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder S. Bains ◽  
Lee Berk ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Pooja Deshpande ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Systemic Administration of G-CSF Accelerates Bone Regeneration and Modulates Mobilization of Progenitor Cells in a Rat Model of Distraction Osteogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3505
Author(s):  
Flavy Roseren ◽  
Martine Pithioux ◽  
Stéphane Robert ◽  
Laure Balasse ◽  
Benjamin Guillet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Distraction Osteogenesis ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bone Lengthening ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Osteoblast Activity ◽  
Positron Emission

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was shown to promote bone regeneration and mobilization of vascular and osteogenic progenitor cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of a systemic low dose of G-CSF on both bone consolidation and mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis (DO). Neovascularization and mineralization were longitudinally monitored using positron emission tomography and planar scintigraphy. Histological analysis was performed and the number of circulating HSPCs, EPCs and MSCs was studied by flow cytometry. Contrary to control group, in the early phase of consolidation, a bony bridge with lower osteoclast activity and a trend of an increase in osteoblast activity were observed in the distracted callus in the G-CSF group, whereas, at the late phase of consolidation, a significantly lower neovascularization was observed. While no difference was observed in the number of circulating EPCs between control and G-CSF groups, the number of MSCs was significantly lower at the end of the latency phase and that of HSPCs was significantly higher 4 days after the bone lengthening. Our results indicate that G-CSF accelerates bone regeneration and modulates mobilization of progenitor cells during DO.

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