scholarly journals Inflammatory Mechanisms of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane Formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malav Joshi ◽  
Shivi Agrawal ◽  
John Byron Christoforidis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Epiretinal Membranes ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques

The pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERMs), a common pathology found in retina clinics, still eludes researchers to date. Ultrastructural studies of iERMs in the past have failed to identify the cells of origin due to the striking morphologic changes of cells involved via transdifferentiation. Thus, immunohistochemical techniques that stain for the cytostructural components of cells have confirmed the importance of glial cells and hyalocytes in iERM formation. The cellular constituents of iERMs are thought to consist of glial cells, fibroblasts, hyalocytes, etc. that, in concert with cytokines and growth factors present in the vitreous, lead to iERM formation. Recently, research has focused on the role of the posterior hyaloid in iERM formation and contraction, particularly the process of anomalous PVD as it relates to iERM formation. Recent advances in proteomics techniques have also elucidated the growth factors and cytokines involved in iERM formation, most notably nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factorβ1.

scholarly journals Current insights on use of growth factors as therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Kennon ◽  
Mohamed E. Awad ◽  
Norman Chutkan ◽  
John DeVine ◽  
Sadanand Fulzele
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Low Back

AbstractChronic low back pain is a critical health problem and a leading cause of disability in aging populations. A major cause of low back pain is considered to be the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Recent advances in therapeutics, particularly cell and tissue engineering, offer potential methods for inhibiting or reversing IVD degeneration, which have previously been impossible. The use of growth factors is under serious consideration as a potential therapy to enhance IVD tissue regeneration. We reviewed the role of chosen prototypical growth factors and growth factor combinations that have the capacity to improve IVD restoration. A number of growth factors have demonstrated potential to modulate the anabolic and anticatabolic effects in both in vitro and animal studies of IVD tissue engineering. Members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, IGF-1, GDF-5, BMP-2, BMP-7, and platelet-derived growth factor have all been investigated as possible therapeutic options for IVD regeneration. The role of growth factors in IVD tissue engineering appears promising; however, further extensive research is needed at both basic science and clinical levels before its application is appropriate for clinical use.

Role of growth factors in acute lung injury induced by paraquat in a rat model

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Jian ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yijing Zhang ◽  
Yanjun Ruan ◽  
Guangran Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Circulatory Level

Paraquat (PQ) can cause acute lung injury in humans and experimental animals. However, the role of growth factors in the progression of injury has not been clearly established. We developed an animal model of PQ-induced lung injury using Wistar rats. One milliliter of PQ solution (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) was applied through the lavage, while the same amount of vehicle was applied to control rats. Based on histopathology, the lungs of some animals exposed to PQ showed acute fulmination, resulting in death, while others showed a more protracted injury, resulting in typical pulmonary fibrosis at 21 days. Using this PQ-poisoned rat model, we examined the intrapulmonary gene expression and circulatory level of cytokines and growth factors at 8 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days after PQ administration. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that the gene expression levels of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 were significantly increased at 21 days after PQ challenge compared with the controls. The mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also significantly increased except on days 14 and 21 after PQ treatment. Moreover, PQ-treated rats showed enhanced gene expression of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor-A and insulin-like growth factor-1 at 21 days and transforming growth factor-beta 1 at 14 days. ELISA results showed the circulatory level of cytokines and growth factors coincided with intrapulmonary gene expression. The synergistic effects of these molecules are presumed to cause pulmonary damage due to PQ challenge and may become targets of treatment.

scholarly journals Mesoderm and Jaw Development in Vertebrates: The Role of Growth Factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
Nadine C. Milos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Epithelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Epithelial Growth ◽  
Jaw Development

The head and neck arise during development as the result of a complex series of cellular and molecular interactions that begin in the fertilized egg. In this article, the role of an important class of molecules, growth factors, is examined in two main steps of the developmental sequence: the initial induction of mesoderm and the later induction of jaw cartilage and bone. The article focuses particularly on the roles of members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epithelial growth factor (EGF) families in these processes and current models of growth factor involvement. Possible experiments for the future are discussed.

Microscopy as a Tool in Understanding the Role of Growth Factors in Cardiac Development

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1082-1083
Author(s):  
Robert L. Price ◽  
Thomas E. Thielen ◽  
Thomas K. Borg ◽  
Louis Terracio
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Valve Formation ◽  
Factor Function

Over the past several years the central roles of several different growth factors in the normal development of the embryonic heart have been identified through a variety of techniques involving microscopy. Initially, most studies consisted of descriptions of gross changes in cardiac morphology associated with naturally occurring mutations that affected growth factor function. More recently the development of specific probes for growth factor receptors that can be used in confocal microscopy have aided in the identification of changes in the temporal and spatial distributions of receptors at various stages of development. The correlation of these changes with developmental events such as valve formation and trabeculation in the heart, in conjunction with biochemical studies and blocking agents for the growth factors have significantly increased our understanding of growth factor function in cardiac development.

scholarly journals Growth factors and kinases in glioblastoma growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Peña-Ortiz ◽  
Liliana Germán-Castelán ◽  
Aliesha González-Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

<p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain cancer, having the highest invasion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis rates. Several signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of these processes including growth factors and their tyrosine kinase receptors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor–I (IGF–I). Different kinases and regulators also participate in signaling pathways initiated by growth factors, such as mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK), protein kinases C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), the mTOR complex, and Bcl-2. In this review, we will focus on the role of these proteins as possible therapeutic targets in GBM.</p>

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