Evaluating the Polyphenol Profile in Three Segregating Grape (Vitis viniferaL.) Populations

This paper explores the characteristics of the anthocyanin and flavonol composition and content in grapes from plants resulting from intraspecific crosses ofVitis viniferavarieties Monastrell × Cabernet Sauvignon, Monastrell × Syrah, and Monastrell × Barbera, in order to acquire information for future breeding programs. The anthocyanin and flavonol compositions of twenty-seven hybrids bearing red grapes and 15 hybrids bearing white grapes from Monastrell × Syrah, 32 red and 6 white from Monastrell × Cabernet Sauvignon, and 13 red from Monastrell × Barbera have been studied. Among the intraspecific crosses, plants with grapes presenting very high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols were found, indicating a transgressive segregation for this character, and this could lead to highly colored wines with an increased benefits for human health. As regards the qualitative composition of anthocyanins and flavonols, the hydroxylation pattern of the hybrids that also may influence wine color hue and stability presented intermediate values to those of the parentals, indicating that values higher than that showed by the best parental in this respect will be difficult to obtain. The results presented here can be helpful to acquire information for future breeding efforts, aimed at improving fruit quality through the effects of flavonoids.

Download Full-text

Etude, dans le raisin, de l'activité β-glucosidase

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.1988.22.2.1257 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

C. Biron ◽

Robert Cordonnier ◽

Ollivier Glory ◽

Ziya Günata ◽

Jean-Claude Sapis

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Mature Fruit ◽

Glucosidase Activity ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Grape Leaf ◽

Method Of Extraction ◽

Very High

Dans ce travail, on étudie l'activité β-glucosidase du raisin. Une méthode d'extraction de l'enzyme à partir du matériel végétal a été mise au point et optimisée. L'activité enzymatique est mesurée spectrophotométriquement avec le paranitrophénylglucopyranoside comme substrat. Dans la baie de raisin, la β-glucosidase est concentrée dans les parties solides, pellicule et pulpe. Dans le jus, elle est en faible quantité. Dans la feuille de vigne, l'activité est élevée dans le limbe, faible dans le pétiole. Au cours de la maturation du raisin l'activité β-glucosidase augmente jusqu'à la maturité. Au-delà, jusqu'au stade de surmaturation, elle reste constante. Dans les raisins mars, la β-glucosidase est présente dans toutes les variétés étudiées, aussi bien dans les variétés aromatiques (Muscat d'Alexandrie, Muscat de Frontignan, Muscat de Hambourg) que dans celles non aromatiques (Carignan, Grenache, Cinsaut, Baroque, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Syrah, Merlot). Pour un millésime donné, l'activité β-glucosidase varie selon la variété. Les activités les plus élevées ont été rencontrées dans les Muscats, le Carignan, la Syrah et le Merlot. Elles sont environ 2,8 fois plus élevées que les activités les plus faibles. Pour une variété donnée, les niveaux d'activité varient fréquemment selon le millésime.+++β-glucosidase activity in grape was studied. A method of extraction of the enzyme from plant material was optimized and glucosidase activity measured spectrophotometrically using paranitrophenylglucopyranoside as substrate. High concentrations of β-glucosidase were found in grape berry solids (skin and pulp) and low concentrations in the juice. This distribution is similar to that of free terpenols in the same parts of the berry. The β-glucosidase content were very high in grape leaf blades and low in stems. Activity of the enzyme increased during maturation of the fruit. It was found in mature fruit of both aromatic (Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat of Frontignan, Muscat of Hamburg) and non-aromatic (Carignane, Grenache, Cinsaut, Baroque, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Sirah, Merlot) varieties. β-glucosidase activity varied according to variety for a given vintage. The highest activities (approximately 2.8 times higher than the lowest observed) were found in the differents Muscats and also in non-aromatic varieties such as Sirah, Merlot and Carignane. β-glucosidase activity in a given variety was frequently found to vary considerably from one vintage to another.

Download Full-text

The metachor as a characteristic of the association of electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19841061 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 1061-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiří Čeleda ◽

Stanislav Škramovský

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Apparent Volume ◽

Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽

Molal Volumes ◽

The Difference ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Experimental Values ◽

Suitable Characteristic ◽

Association Of Ions ◽

Very High

Based on the earlier paper introducing a concept of the apparent parachor of a solute in the solution, we have eliminated in the present work algebraically the effect which is introduced into this quantity by the additivity of the apparent molal volumes. The difference remaining from the apparent parachor after substracting the contribution corresponding to the apparent volume ( for which the present authors suggest the name metachor) was evaluated from the experimental values of the surface tension of aqueous solutions for a set of 1,1-, 1,2- and 2,1-valent electrolytes. This difference showed to be independent of concentration up to the very high values of the order of units mol dm-3 but it was directly proportional to the number of the free charges (with a proportionality factor 5 ± 1 cm3 mol-1 identical for all studied electrolytes). The metachor can be, for this reason, a suitable characteristic for detection of the association of ions and formation of complexes in the solutions of electrolytes, up to high concentrations where other methods are failing.

Download Full-text

Nitrification Process in a Nuclear Wastewater with High Load of Nitrogen, Uranium and Organic Matter under ORP Controlled

Water ◽

10.3390/w13111607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1607

Author(s):

Mariano Venturini ◽

Ariana Rossen ◽

Patricia Silva Paulo

Keyword(s):

Ammonia Oxidation ◽

High Load ◽

Nuclear Fuels ◽

Monod Model ◽

Nernst Equation ◽

Nitrification Process ◽

Real Wastewater ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Wastewater Samples ◽

Very High

To produce nuclear fuels, it is necessary to convert uranium′s ore into UO2-ceramic grade, using several quantities of kerosene, methanol, nitric acid, ammonia, and, in low level, tributyl phosphate (TBP). Thus, the effluent generated by nuclear industries is one of the most toxic since it contains high concentrations of dangerous compounds. This paper explores biological parameters on real nuclear wastewater by the Monod model in an ORP controlled predicting the specific ammonia oxidation. Thermodynamic parameters were established using the Nernst equation to monitor Oxiders/Reductors relationship to obtain a correlation of these parameters to controlling and monitoring; that would allow technical operators to have better control of the nitrification process. The real nuclear effluent is formed by a mixture of two different lines of discharges, one composed of a high load of nitrogen, around 11,000 mg/L (N-NH4+-N-NO3−) and 600 mg/L Uranium, a second one, proceeds from uranium purification, containing TBP and COD that have to be removed. Bioprocesses were operated on real wastewater samples over 120 days under controlled ORP, as described by Nernst equations, which proved to be a robust tool to operate nitrification for larger periods with a very high load of nitrogen, uranium, and COD.

Download Full-text

Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Samples and Inorganic Elements Levels in Ores for Characterizing a High Anthropogenic Polluted Area in the Northern Latium Region (Italy)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041628 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1628

Author(s):

Mario Vincenzo Russo ◽

Ivan Notardonato ◽

Alberto Rosada ◽

Giuseppe Ianiri ◽

Pasquale Avino

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Mean Value ◽

Greenhouse Crops ◽

River Waters ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Very High ◽

Inorganic Fraction

This paper shows a characterization of the organic and inorganic fraction of river waters (Tiber and Marta) and ores/soil samples collected in the Northern Latium region of Italy for evaluating the anthropogenic/natural source contribution to the environmental pollution of this area. For organic compounds, organochloride volatile compounds in Tiber and Marta rivers were analyzed by two different clean-up methods (i.e., liquid–liquid extraction and static headspace) followed by gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GC-ECD) analysis. The results show very high concentrations of bromoform (up to 1.82 and 3.2 µg L−1 in Tiber and Marta rivers, respectively), due to the presence of greenhouse crops, and of chloroform and tetrachloroethene, due to the presence of handicrafts installations. For the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the inorganic fraction, it is highlighted the use of a nuclear analytical method, instrumental neutron activation analysis, which allows having more information as possible from the sample without performing any chemical-physical pretreatment. The results have evidenced high levels of mercury (mean value 88.6 µg g−1), antimony (77.7 µg g−1), strontium (12,039 µg g−1) and zinc (103 µg g−1), whereas rare earth elements show levels similar to the literature data. Particular consideration is drawn for arsenic (414 µg g−1): the levels found in this paper (ranging between 1 and 5100 µg g−1) explain the high content of such element (as arsenates) in the aquifer, a big issue in this area.

Download Full-text

THE SELECTIVE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTION OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/y60-004 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 25-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ivan T. Beck ◽

E. Pinter ◽

R. D. McKenna ◽

H. Griff

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Injection ◽

Proteolytic Enzyme ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽

Benzethonium Chloride ◽

Tryptic Activity ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽

Very High

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in humans is thought to be perpetuated by the autolytic processes catalyzed by trypsin and lipase. This study is an integral part of our search for trypsin and lipase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of this disease.Benzethonium chloride was found to inhibit tryptic activity in vitro. The proteolytic activity of rabbit's serum was inhibited, and the inhibition was most pronounced 6 to 12 hours after the subcutaneous injection of the compound. Fibrinolysin was also inhibited in vitro but benzethonium chloride had no inhibitory action on chymotrypsin, pepsin, or lipase.Serum proteins in vitro were precipitated only with very high concentrations of the compound. No significant protein changes were observed in sera of rabbits after the subcutaneous injection of the compound.

Download Full-text

Arginine Inhibits Serpins

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/1076029606299047 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 213-218

Author(s):

Thomas W. Stief

Keyword(s):

Esterase Activity ◽

Serine Proteases ◽

Biological Fluid ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Human Albumin ◽

Amidolytic Activity ◽

Peptide Substrates ◽

Plate Reader ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Very High

Serine protease inactivators (serpins) are important regulators in biochemistry. Often it is necessary to block the serpin action, that is, to stabilize the sample. The guanidine group of arginine is the ligand for the active center pocket of many serine proteases. Arginine or guanidine inhibits serine proteases, and arginine belongs to the reactive P1-P1' center of many serpins. The plasmatic antithrombin, antiplasmin, or anti-C1-esterase activity was determined: A total of 20 µL of pooled normal plasma or 7% human albumin was added to 100 µL of 0—2.67 M arginine, pH 8.6, 10 µL of 26 mIU/mL thrombin in 7% human albumin, and 30 µL of 1.7 mM CHG-Ala-Arg-pNA (37°C). ΔA at 405 nm was determined, by using a microtiter plate reader. Thrombin was substituted by plasmin or C1-esterase, and the chromogenic peptide substrates <Glu-Phe-Lys-pNA or MeOC-Lys(eCBO)-Gly-Arg-pNA, respectively, were used. The IC50 of arginine against plasmatic antithrombin activity is 580 mM; the IC 25 is 440 mM. The IC25 of arginine against plasmatic α 2-antiplasmin or C1-inactivator is 1650 mM. The amidolytic activity of thrombin, plasmin, and C1-esterase is inhibited similarly by arginine: the IC50 for arginine against the amidolytic activity of these proteases is about 400 mM. Arginine at very high concentrations inhibits serpins. This is important, if stabilization of a biological fluid is a prerequisite for valid activities of serine proteases. In addition, these high concentrations of arginine might be a new gentle principle to inhibit pathogens that need serpins for their pathophysiology.

Download Full-text

Spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid in grapes with the Prussian Blue reaction

Analele Universitatii Ovidius Constanta - Seria Chimie ◽

10.2478/v10310-012-0029-y ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 174-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicoleta Matei ◽

Simona Dobrinas ◽

Gabriel Lucian Radu

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Prussian Blue ◽

Spectrophotometric Determination ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Red Grapes ◽

Blue Reaction

AbstractThe objective of the present work was to adapt the Prussian Blue reaction for the determination of ascorbic acid. The procedure was successfully applied for the determination of ascorbic acid in red and white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) just previous ingathering. In the present work was used the red and white grapes from Murfatlar vineyard: Mamaia, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon, Muscat Ottonel and Riesling Italian. The results were situated in the range of 0.67 - 1.79 mg vitamin C/100g product for red grapes and respectively 0.50 - 1.49 mg vitamin C/100g for white grapes.

Download Full-text

Vitamin B12 transport in blood. I. Congenital deficiency of transcobalamin II

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v45.1.71.71 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 71-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

E Gimpert ◽

M Jakob ◽

WH Hitzig

Keyword(s):

Vitamin B12 ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Congenital Deficiency ◽

Complete Clinical Remission ◽

High Concentrations ◽

High Doses ◽

Vitamin B12 Binder ◽

Very High ◽

Transcobalamin Ii

Abstract Some characteristics of vitamin B12 binding and transport in the serum of an infant with congenital hereditary transcobalamin II (TC II) deficiency were studied using the following parameters and methods: vitamin B12 level and binding capacity; electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; various immunodiffusion and absorption experiments, using a specific anti-TC II antiserum and the patient's serum as antigen. The results of these studies point to a deficient synthesis of TC II. Parenteral administration of high doses of vitamin B12 was followed by rapid and complete clinical remission and the appearance of vitamin B12 binder in the alpha 2 region which is similar to “fetal binder.” Thus, very high concentrations of vitamin B12, either carrier free or bound to this alpha 2 binder, were able to correct the disturbed physiology of TC II deficiency, presumably by normalization of DNA-thymine synthesis.

Download Full-text