scholarly journals The Impact of Ethnicity on Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Children

ISRN Obesity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Lisa Jane Eyre ◽  
Michael J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Physical Activity Patterns ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Objectively Measured Physical Activity

Obesity and obesity-related diseases (cardiovascular disease/metabolic risk factors) are experienced differently in individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, which originate in childhood. Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for obesity and related diseases. Both physical activity and metabolic risk factors track to adulthood, and thus understanding the physical activity patterns in children from different ethnic backgrounds is important. Given the limitations of self-report measures in children, this study provides a review of studies which have objectively measured physical activity patterns in children from different ethnic backgrounds. From a total of 16 studies, it can be concluded that physical activity does seem to vary amongst the ethnic groups especially South Asian and Black compared to White EU (European Union). The findings are less consistent for Hispanic/Mexican American children. However, there are several methodological limitations which need to be considered in future studies. Firstly, there is a need for consistency in the measurement of physical activity. Secondly, there are a range of complex factors such as socioeconomic status and body composition which affect both physical activity and ethnicity. Studies have failed to account for these differences limiting the ability to generalise that ethnicity is an independent risk factor for physical activity.

scholarly journals Lower physical activity is a risk factor for a clustering of metabolic risk factors in non-obese and obese Japanese subjects: The Takahata study

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Kaino ◽  
Makoto Daimon ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki ◽  
Shigeru Karasawa ◽  
Kaoru Takase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Lower Physical Activity ◽  
Japanese Subjects

Abstract P357: The Impact of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Factors on Cardiovascular and Diabetes Mortality in South Asia: An Analysis from the 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yawar Yakoob ◽  
Renata Micha ◽  
Shahab Khatibzadeh ◽  
Ashkan Afshin ◽  
Peilin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Varying Covariates ◽  
Disease Specific

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic diseases are rising in South Asia. The impact of modifiable diet and metabolic risk factors on mortality due to these diseases has not been quantified for this region using consistent methodology. OBJECTIVE: To estimate disease-specific mortality effects of major diet and metabolic risk factors by age and sex in South Asia. METHODS: We used a comparative risk assessment analysis (CRA) framework, developed as part of the 2010 GBD study, for six countries of the region (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan). The current national risk factor exposure distribution for these countries was obtained from systematic literature searches of nationally representative surveys and direct author contact. We identified 8 surveys for diet and 50 for metabolic risks. The likely causal effect sizes of risk factor-disease relationships (RRs) were derived from meta-analyses of trials or epidemiological studies. Plausible optimal alternative exposure distributions were identified from other global studies or regions, and total disease-specific deaths were obtained from 2008 WHO data. Missing exposure data were imputed using multi-level hierarchical Bayesian models with time varying covariates. Inputs were combined to compute population attributable fractions and mortality preventable from these risks. We performed sensitivity analyses by varying choice of exposure metrics, causal effect sizes, and alternative distributions. Updated GBD estimates for smoking and physical activity are in progress. RESULTS: Among metabolic risks, high systolic blood pressure and high BMI produced the highest number of preventable cardiometabolic deaths in South Asia in 2008 in both men and women ( Figure ). Other risks, including fruits also contributed to a substantial number of deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Use of CRA methods allows quantification of the impact of specific modifiable risk factors on disease, informing health policy and priority setting to improve diet and lifestyle in people of South Asia.

scholarly journals Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome in youth

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah M. Steele ◽  
Soren Brage ◽  
Kirsten Corder ◽  
Nicholas J. Wareham ◽  
Ulf Ekelund
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Objectively Measured

The metabolic syndrome is defined as the coexistence of multiple cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, the prevalence of which has increased dramatically in adult populations in the last decades. More recently, the same cluster of metabolic risk factors has also been recognized in children and adolescents. Epidemiological evidence suggests that high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity are associated with a favorable metabolic risk profile in adults. However, in youth the role of these factors is less clear. Therefore, the purpose of this mini-review is to examine the recent evidence between objectively measured habitual physical activity and CRF with clustered metabolic risk in youth. In general, it appears that both physical activity and CRF are separately and independently associated with metabolic risk factors in youth, possibly through different causal pathways. Further research is necessary to quantify how much physical activity is needed to prevent the metabolic syndrome and the diseases with which it is associated. Public health approaches that encourage increased physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors may prove useful in reducing the population burden associated with metabolic risk.

scholarly journals Differences in Muscle and Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in the Members of Physical Activity Discordant Twin Pairs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e12609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuija Leskinen ◽  
Rita Rinnankoski-Tuikka ◽  
Mirva Rintala ◽  
Tuulikki Seppänen-Laakso ◽  
Eija Pöllänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Adipose Tissue Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Gene Expression ◽  
Discordant Twin

Abstract 14615: The Preventable Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases in China: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Li ◽  
Frank Hu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Exposure Distribution

Background: fuelled by rapid urbanization and changes in dietary and lifestyle choices, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the leading cause of death in China. Purposes: to estimate the CVD events that potentially contributed to 9 modifiable dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors in China. Methods: We used data on risk factor exposures in the Chinese population from nationally representative health surveys and CVD morbidity and mortality statistics from the China Health Statistical Yearbook and the National Population Census. We obtained the etiological effects of risk factors on CVD risk, by age, from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. We estimated the number of CVD events attributable to all non-optimal levels of each risk factor exposure, by urban/rural, age and sex. Results: Based on the exposure distribution estimated by 2009 China Health Nutrition Survey, the population attributable risk (PAR) on CVD events was 47.3% for high blood pressure, 23.2%, for physical inactivity, 18.5% for smoking, 13.5 for high BMI, 13.0% for high LDL cholesterol, 11.8% for high blood glucose, 11.1% for low dietary intakes of fruit and vegetable, 7.1% for high sodium intake and 3.5% for low PUFA intake, which was 78.0%, 18.8%, 20.9%, 21.9%, 8.2%, 16.1%, 12.0%, 20.3% and 2.0%, respectively, based on exposure distribution of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. In 2009, high blood pressure was responsible for 3.9 million CVD events, including 1.4 million CHD, 1.5 million ischemic strokes and 1 million hemorrhagic strokes. Large gender difference was found for PAR% of smoking (male 27.8%/female 6.5%). Conclusions: High blood pressure, smoking and physical inactivity, which all have effective interventions, are responsible for the largest number of CVD events in China. Other dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors for chronic diseases also cause a substantial number of CVD morbidity and mortality in China.

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