scholarly journals The Alterations of IL-1Beta, IL-6, and TGF-Beta Levels in Hippocampal CA3 Region of Chronic Restraint Stress Rats after Electroacupuncture (EA) Pretreatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianwei Guo ◽  
Zhuo Guo ◽  
Xinjing Yang ◽  
Lan Sun ◽  
Sihan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Chronic Restraint Stress ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3 ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Ca3 Region

Immunological reactions induced by proinflammatory cytokines have been involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. Recent studies showed that Electroacupuncture (EA) was able to reduce depressive symptoms; however, the underlying mechanism and its potential targets remain unknown. In the present study, we used a 21-day chronic restraint stress rats as a model to investigate how EA could alleviate depression. Open field test was carried out to evaluate the depressive symptoms at selected time points. At the end of study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect the expressions of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-beta in hippocampal CA3 region. We found that chronic restraint stress significantly decreased behavioral activities, whereas EA stimulation at points Baihui (GV 20) and Yintang (GV 29) showed protective effect during the test period. In addition, the IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-beta increased in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress, while EA downregulated the levels of IL-1beta and IL-6. These findings implied that EA pretreatment could alleviate depression through modulating IL-1beta and IL-6 expression levels in hippocampal CA3 region.

scholarly journals Rubrofusarin Attenuates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depressive Symptoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3454
Author(s):  
Jee Hyun Yi ◽  
Jieun Jeon ◽  
Huiyoung Kwon ◽  
Eunbi Cho ◽  
Jeanho Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Chronic Restraint Stress ◽  
Akt Inhibitor ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Fluoro Jade B

The aim of this study was to examine whether rubrofusarin, an active ingredient of the Cassia species, has an antidepressive effect in chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. Although acute treatment using rubrofusarin failed, chronic treatment using rubrofusarin ameliorated CRS-induced depressive symptoms. Rubrofusarin treatment significantly reduced the number of Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells and caspase-3 activation within the hippocampus of CRS-treated mice. Moreover, rubrofusarin treatment significantly increased the number of newborn neurons in the hippocampus of CRS-treated mice. CRS induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and regulated development and DNA damage responses, and reductions in the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway activity were also reversed by rubrofusarin treatment. Microglial activation and inflammasome markers, including nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 and adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD, which were induced by CRS, were ameliorated by rubrofusarin. Synaptic plasticity dysfunction within the hippocampus was also rescued by rubrofusarin treatment. Within in vitro experiments, rubrofusarin blocked corticosterone-induced long-term potentiation impairments. These were blocked by LY294002, which is an Akt inhibitor. Finally, we found that the antidepressant effects of rubrofusarin were blocked by an intracerebroventricular injection of LY294002. These results suggest that rubrofusarin ameliorated CRS-induced depressive symptoms through PI3K/Akt signaling.

scholarly journals Antidepressant-like Effects of Combined Fluoxetine and Zinc Treatment in Mice Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress Are Related to Modulation of Histone Deacetylase

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Paulina Misztak ◽  
Magdalena Sowa-Kućma ◽  
Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik ◽  
Bernadeta Szewczyk ◽  
Gabriel Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Chronic Restraint Stress ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Chronic stress is the key factor contributing to the development of depressive symptoms. Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is well validated and is one of the most commonly used models to induce depressive-like behavior in rodents. The present study aimed to evaluate whether fluoxetine (FLU 5 mg/kg) and zinc (Zn 10mg/kg) given simultaneously induce a more pronounced antidepressant-like effect in the CRS model than both those compounds given alone. Behavioral assessment was performed using the tail suspension and splash tests (TST and ST, respectively). Furthermore, the effects of CRS, FLU and Zn given alone and combined treatment with FLU + Zn on the expression of proteins involved in the apoptotic, inflammatory, and epigenetic processes were evaluated in selected brain structures (prefrontal cortex, PFC; and hippocampus, Hp) using Western blot analysis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results obtained indicated that three hours (per day) of immobilization for 4 weeks induced prominent depressive symptoms that manifested as increased immobility time in the TST, as well as decreased number and grooming time in the ST. Behavioral changes induced by CRS were reversed by both FLU (5 and 10 mg/kg) or Zn (10 mg/kg). Zinc supplementation (10 mg/kg) slightly increases the effectiveness of FLU (5 mg/kg) in the TST. However, it significantly increased the activity of FLU in the ST compared to the effect induced by FLU and Zn alone. Biochemical studies revealed that neither CRS nor FLU and Zn given alone or in combined treatment alter the expression of proteins involved in apoptotic or inflammatory processes. CRS induced major alterations in histone deacetylase (HDAC) levels by increasing the level of HADC1 and decreasing the level of HADC4 in the PFC and Hp, decreasing the level of HADC6 in the PFC but increasing it in Hp. Interestingly, FLU + Zn treatment reversed CRS-induced changes in HDAC levels in the Hp, indicating that HDAC modulation is linked to FLU + Zn treatment and this effect is structure-specific.

scholarly journals Oxytocin involves in chronic stress-evoked melanoma metastasis via β-arrestin 2 mediated-pathways

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoyi Ji ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Dawei Chen ◽  
Dan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Melanoma Metastasis ◽  
Chronic Restraint Stress ◽  
Oxytocin Receptors ◽  
Increased Risk

Stress is associated with an increased risk of lung metastasis in melanoma. However, the underlying mechanism is elusive. Oxytocin (OXT), a neurohormone produced by the hypothalamus, plays a vital role in laboring induction and lactation. Emerging evidence suggests that OXT also regulates human emotions, social cognition, social behaviors and stress-related disorders. Here, we reported that a significant up-regulation of oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) was observed in malignant melanoma. The activation of oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) dramatically promoted migration, invasion and angiogenesis but not the proliferation of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo via β-arrestin 2-dependent ERK-VEGF/ MMP-2 pathway. Next, chronic restraint stress significantly elevated the plasma level of OXT. Notably, 21 days chronic restraint stress facilitated lung metastasis of melanoma and reduced overall survival in mice, which were largely abrogated by knocking down either OXTR or β-arrestin 2. These findings provide evidence that chronic stress hormone-OXT promotes lung metastasis of melanoma via a β-arrestin 2-dependent mechanism and suggest that OXT, a novel pro-metastasis factor, is a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.

scholarly journals Cross-Lagged Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Response Style in Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Kim M. van Ettekoven ◽  
Sanne P. A. Rasing ◽  
Ad A. Vermulst ◽  
Rutger C. M. E. Engels ◽  
Karlijn C. M. Kindt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Ratio Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Relationships

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent during adolescence and they are a major concern for individuals and society. The Response Style Theory and the Scar Theory both suggest a relationship between response styles and depressive symptoms, but the theories differ in the order of the development of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal reciprocal prospective relationships between depressive symptoms and response styles were examined in a community sample of 1343 adolescents. Additionally, response style was constructed with the traditional approach, which involves examining three response styles separately without considering the possible relations between them, and with the ratio approach, which accounts for all three response styles simultaneously. No reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and response style were found over time. Only longitudinal relationships between response style and depressive symptoms were significant. This study found that only depressive symptoms predicted response style, whereas the response style did not emerge as an important underlying mechanism responsible for developing and maintaining depressive symptoms in adolescents. These findings imply that prevention and intervention programs for adolescents with low depressive symptoms should not focus on adaptive and maladaptive response style strategies to decrease depressive symptoms, but should focus more on behavioral interventions.

scholarly journals Oxytocin involves in chronic stress-evoked melanoma metastasis via β-arrestin 2-mediated ERK signaling pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1395-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoyi Ji ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Dawei Chen ◽  
Dan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Melanoma Metastasis ◽  
Chronic Restraint Stress ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Stress is associated with an increased risk of lung metastasis in melanoma. However, the underlying mechanism is elusive. Oxytocin (OXT), a neurohormone produced by the hypothalamus, plays a vital role in laboring induction and lactation. Emerging evidence suggests that OXT also regulates human emotions, social cognition, social behaviors and stress-related disorders. Here, we reported that a significant up-regulation of oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) was observed in malignant melanoma. The activation of OXTRs dramatically promoted migration, invasion and angiogenesis but not the proliferation of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo via β-arrestin 2-dependent ERK-VEGF/MMP-2 pathway. Next, chronic restraint stress significantly elevated the plasma level of OXT. Notably, 21 days chronic restraint stress facilitated lung metastasis of melanoma and reduced overall survival in mice, which were largely abrogated by knocking down either OXTR or β-arrestin 2. These findings provide evidence that chronic stress hormone-OXT promotes lung metastasis of melanoma via a β-arrestin 2-dependent mechanism and suggest that OXT, a novel pro-metastasis factor, is a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.

Trial by Triad: substituted judgment, mental illness and the right to die

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107154
Author(s):  
Jacob M Appel
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Substituted Judgment ◽  
Diminished Capacity ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Aid In Dying ◽  
Incapacitated Patients ◽  
The Right

Substituted judgment has increasingly become the accepted standard for rendering decisions for incapacitated adults in the USA. A broad exception exists with regard to patients with diminished capacity secondary to depressive disorders, as such patients’ previous wishes are generally not honoured when seeking to turn down life-preserving care or pursue aid-in-dying. The result is that physicians often force involuntary treatment on patients with poor medical prognoses and/or low quality of life (PMP/LQL) as a result of their depressive symptoms when similarly situated incapacitated patients without such depressive symptoms would have their previous wishes honoured via substituted judgment. This commentary argues for reconsidering this approach and for using a substituted judgment standard for a subset of EMP/LQL patients seeking death.

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