scholarly journals The Immunological Enhancement Activity of Propolis Flavonoids LiposomeIn VitroandIn Vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Tao ◽  
Deqing Wang ◽  
Yuanliang Hu ◽  
Yee Huang ◽  
Yun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Phagocytic Function ◽  
Splenic Lymphocytes ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune

The aim of this study was to investigate and assess the effects of propolis flavonoids liposome imposed on the immune system by comparing it to propolis flavonoids and blank liposome.In vitro, the effects of the above drugs on macrophages were assessed by measuring the phagocytic function and cytokine production.In vivo, the immunological adjuvant activity of propolis flavonoids liposome was compared with those of propolis flavonoids and blank liposome. The results showed thatin vitropropolis flavonoids liposome can significantly enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages and the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. In addition, subcutaneous administration of propolis flavonoids liposome with ovalbumin to mice could effectively activate the cellular and humoral immune response, including inducing higher level concentrations of IgG, IL-4, and IFN-γin serum and the proliferation rates of splenic lymphocytes. These findings provided valuable information regarding the immune modulatory function of propolis flavonoids liposome and indicated the possibility of use of propolis flavonoids liposome as a potential adjuvant.

scholarly journals CRTC2 regulates plasma cell metabolism and survival

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Hong ◽  
Fasih Ahsan ◽  
Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez ◽  
Peter Pioli ◽  
Min-sub Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Active Form ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cell ◽  
Humoral Immune

Antibody secreting cell (ASC) function and longevity determines the strength and durability of a humoral immune response. Previously, we identified the inactivation of the CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator-2 (CRTC2) in an in vitro B cell differentiation assay that produced functional ASCs. However, the requirement for CRTC2 inactivation in ASC physiology in vivo remains unknown. Using transgenic (TG) mice that express a constitutively active form of CRTC2 (Crtc2-AA) as an experimental tool, we demonstrate that Crtc2 repression in plasma cells (PCs) is an intrinsic requirement for ASC metabolic fitness. Sustained CRTC2 activity shortens the survival of splenic and bone marrow PCs, resulting in reduced numbers of long-lived PCs and antibody deficits against T cell dependent and independent antigens, and an acute viral infection. TG PCs resemble short-lived PCs with reductions in glycolysis, oxidative metabolism, spare respiratory capacity, and antibody secretion. Mechanistically, Crtc2 repression is necessary for the fidelity of PC gene expression and mRNA alternative-splicing programs. Combined, Crtc2 repression in PCs must occur to support PC metabolism and extend ASC survival during a humoral immune response.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Fact or Fiction?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo A. Leto Barone ◽  
Saami Khalifian ◽  
W. P. Andrew Lee ◽  
Gerald Brandacher
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Derived Stromal Cells

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are often referred to as adipose-derived stem cells due to their potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Their promising role in tissue engineering and ability to modulate the immune system are the focus of extensive research. A number of clinical trials using ASCs are currently underway to better understand the role of such cell niche in enhancing or suppressing the immune response. If governable, such immunoregulatory role would find application in several conditions in which an immune response is present (i.e., autoimmune conditions) or feared (i.e., solid organ or reconstructive transplantation). Although allogeneic ASCs have been shown to prevent acute GvHD in both preclinical and clinical studies, their potential warrants further investigation. Well-designed and standardized clinical trials are necessary to prove the role of ASCs in the treatment of immune disorders or prevention of tissue rejection. In this paper we analyze the current literature on the role of ASCs in immunomodulationin vitroandin vivoand discuss their potential in regulating the immune system in the context of transplantation.

scholarly journals Induction of a Specific Humoral Immune Response by Nasal Delivery of Bcla2ctd of Clostridioides difficile

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Raquel Maia ◽  
Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez ◽  
Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo ◽  
Anella Saggese ◽  
Pablo Castro-Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nasal Delivery ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile

Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, is a spore-forming bacterium considered as the most common cause of nosocomial infections in developed countries. The spore of C. difficile is involved in the transmission of the pathogen and in its first interaction with the host; therefore, a therapeutic approach able to control C. difficile spores would improve the clearance of the infection. The C-terminal (CTD) end of BclA2, a spore surface protein of C. difficile responsible of the interaction with the host intestinal cells, was selected as a putative mucosal antigen. The BclA2 fragment, BclA2CTD, was purified and used to nasally immunize mice both as a free protein and after adsorption to the spore of Bacillus subtilis, a well-established mucosal delivery vehicle. While the adsorption to spores increased the in vitro stability of BclA2CTD, in vivo both free and spore-adsorbed BclA2CTD were able to induce a similar, specific humoral immune response in a murine model. Although in the experimental conditions utilized the immune response was not protective, the induction of specific IgG indicates that free or spore-bound BclA2CTD could act as a putative mucosal antigen targeting C. difficile spores.

scholarly journals Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Proteins Recognized by the Antibody-Mediated Immune Response to a Biofilm Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 3415-3426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Brady ◽  
Jeff G. Leid ◽  
Anne K. Camper ◽  
J. William Costerton ◽  
Mark E. Shirtliff
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Microarray Analyses ◽  
Gene Expression Levels ◽  
Biofilm Infection

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus causes persistent, recurrent infections (e.g., osteomyelitis) by forming biofilms. To survey the antibody-mediated immune response and identify those proteins that are immunogenic in an S. aureus biofilm infection, the tibias of rabbits were infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus to produce chronic osteomyelitis. Sera were collected prior to infection and at 14, 28, and 42 days postinfection. The sera were used to perform Western blot assays on total protein from biofilm grown in vitro and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Those proteins recognized by host antibodies in the harvested sera were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis. Using protein from mechanically disrupted total and fractionated biofilm protein samples, we identified 26 and 22 immunogens, respectively. These included a cell surface-associated β-lactamase, lipoprotein, lipase, autolysin, and an ABC transporter lipoprotein. Studies were also performed using microarray analyses and confirmed the biofilm-specific up-regulation of most of these genes. Therefore, although the biofilm antigens are recognized by the immune system, the biofilm infection can persist. However, these proteins, when delivered as vaccines, may be important in directing the immune system toward an early and effective antibody-mediated response to prevent chronic S. aureus infections. Previous works have identified S. aureus proteins that are immunogenic during acute infections, such as sepsis. However, this is the first work to identify these immunogens during chronic S. aureus biofilm infections and to simultaneously show the global relationship between the antigens expressed during an in vivo infection and the corresponding in vitro transcriptomic and proteomic gene expression levels.

scholarly journals CTLA-4 Blockade Enhances the Immune Response Induced by Mycobacterial Infection but Does Not Lead to Increased Protection

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 3786-3792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kirman ◽  
Kathy McCoy ◽  
Sarah Hook ◽  
Melanie Prout ◽  
Brett Delahunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Draining Lymph Node ◽  
Cell Cytokine Production

ABSTRACT The murine immune response to a pulmonary mycobacterial infection is slow to develop, allowing bacterial numbers to increase in the lung for several weeks after infection. We sought to enhance the protective immune response induced during Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection by administering an antibody that blocks the interaction of CTLA-4 with its ligands, CD80 and CD86. We found that injection of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) greatly enhanced and accelerated the immune response, as measured by increased cellularity of the draining mediastinal lymph nodes, and enhanced antigen-inducible proliferation and gamma interferon production by mediastinal lymphocytes in vitro. However, despite the apparently enhanced immune response in the mediastinal lymph node following treatment with anti-CTLA-4 MAb, there was no improvement in clearance of mycobacteria in the lungs, liver, or spleen. Examination of the primary site of infection, the lung, revealed that CTLA-4 blockade had no effect on the number or function of lymphocytes infiltrating the infected lung tissue. Taken together, these data suggest that in vivo CTLA-4 blockade enhances mycobacterial-infection-induced lymphocyte expansion and effector cell cytokine production in the draining lymph node but does not alter the number or function of lymphocytes at the primary site of infection and therefore does not lead to enhanced clearance of the infection.

scholarly journals The Adjuvant Activity ofEpimediumPolysaccharide-Propolis Flavone Liposome on Enhancing Immune Responses to Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Vaccine in Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Fan ◽  
Liwei Guo ◽  
Weifeng Hou ◽  
Chao Guo ◽  
Weimin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Pcv2 Vaccine ◽  
Better Than

Objectives.The adjuvant activity ofEpimediumpolysaccharide-propolis flavone liposome (EPL) was investigated in vitro and in vivo.Methods.In vitro, the effects of EPL at different concentrations on splenic lymphocytes proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-γand IL-6 were determined. In vivo, the adjuvant activities of EPL, EP, and mineral oil were compared in BALB/c mice through vaccination with inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine.Results.In vitro, EPL promoted lymphocytes proliferation and increased the mRNA expression of IFN-γand IL-6, and the effect was significantly better than EP at all concentrations. In vivo, EPL significantly promoted the lymphocytes proliferation and the secretion of cytokines and improved the killing activity of NK cells, PCV2-specific antibody titers, and the proportion of T-cell subgroups. The effects of EPL were significantly better than EP and oil adjuvant at most time points.Conclusion.EPL could significantly improve both PCV2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and its medium dose had the best efficacy. Therefore, EPL would be exploited in an effective immune adjuvant for inactivated PCV2 vaccine.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Regulation of Cellular Immune Responses in Physiologic Conditions and Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Viganò ◽  
M. Perreau ◽  
G. Pantaleo ◽  
A. Harari
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Immune

The immune system has evolved to allow robust responses against pathogens while avoiding autoimmunity. This is notably enabled by stimulatory and inhibitory signals which contribute to the regulation of immune responses. In the presence of a pathogen, a specific and effective immune response must be induced and this leads to antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, cytokines production, and induction of T-cell differentiation toward an effector phenotype. After clearance or control of the pathogen, the effector immune response must be terminated in order to avoid tissue damage and chronic inflammation and this process involves coinhibitory molecules. When the immune system fails to eliminate or control the pathogen, continuous stimulation of T cells prevents the full contraction and leads to the functional exhaustion of effector T cells. Several evidences bothin vitroandin vivosuggest that this anergic state can be reverted by blocking the interactions between coinhibitory molecules and their ligands. The potential to revert exhausted or inactivated T-cell responses following selective blocking of their function made these markers interesting targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with persistent viral infections or cancer.

l-carnitine modifies the humoral immune response in mice after in vitro or in vivo treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1813-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Athanassakis ◽  
M. Mouratidou ◽  
P. Sakka ◽  
A. Evangeliou ◽  
M. Spilioti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
In Vivo Treatment

Immunologic Effects of An Oral BRAF Inhibitor in a BRAF Wild-Type Murine Model

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4935-4935
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Vosganian ◽  
Rinke Bos ◽  
Linda Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Splenic Lymphocytes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 4935 Introduction: Metastatic melanoma represents a clinical challenge as aggressive therapy often results in unacceptable toxicity and less intensive therapy results in suboptimal clinical outcomes. PLX-4032 is an orally available small molecule which targets constitutively activated BRAFV600E in melanoma cells. BRAF is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation and migration. We examined the effect of PLX-4032 on the immune system in two BRAF wild type murine systems: the first to determine the effect of PLX-4032 on cytokine production and the second to determine any functional immune effect of PLX-4032 in an insulinoma model. Methods: Effect of PLX-4032 on cytokine production: B10.D2 BRAF WT mice were injected with CD8 lymphocytes expressing a TCR specific for HA518-526 peptide (clone 1) and CD4 lymphocytes expressing a TCR specific for HA110-119 peptide (SFE) on Day 0 and concurrently simulated with appropriate peptide, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and poly IC. Mice received PLX-4032 200mg/kg or placebo daily for 5 days. On day 6, splenic lymphocytes were harvested and flow cytometry performed to determine CD4 and CD8 IL2, IFN gamma, and TNF alpha production. Effect of PLX-4032 on functional immune response: B10.D2 BRAF WT rat insulin promoter (RIP)-Tag2-hemagglutinin mice bearing insulinoma were injected with clone 1 and SFE lymphocytes on Day 0 and received concurrent stimulation as above. Mice received PLX-4032 200mg/kg or placebo daily for 30 days and serum glucose levels were monitored weekly. Results: Effect of PLX-4032 on cytokine production: We noted no significant difference in the absolute number of splenic lymphocytes recovered in the two groups. There was no significant difference in the percent of CD8+ clone 1 cells producing TNF alpha, IL2 or IFN gamma. There was similarly no significant difference in the percent of CD4+/SFE lymphocytes recovered between the treatment and control groups, nor was there a significant difference in the percent of cells producing IFN gamma. Effect of PLX-4032 on functional immune response: Treatment with PLX-4032 resulted in no significant inhibition of the immune response of transferred lymphocytes against insulinoma. Mice in both groups developed significantly elevated serum glucose levels at the same time and remained diabetic for a similar duration. Discussion: Our data demonstrate that PLX-4032 does not appear to exert a quantitative or functional effect on the immune system in BRAF WT mice. Melanoma therapies often include medications which augment patient immune function or specifically target immune regulation; these data suggest that PLX-4032 does not inhibit normal immune function and therefore may have a role in combination with immunologically directed therapy, possibly resulting in synergistic anti-tumor effect by targeting multiple pathways involved in tumor survival. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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