scholarly journals Methyl Esters Selectivity of Transesterification Reaction with Homogenous Alkaline Catalyst to Produce Biodiesel in Batch, Plug Flow, and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Nasir ◽  
W. R. W. Daud ◽  
S. K. Kamarudin ◽  
Z. Yaakob
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst

Selectivity concept is essential in establishing the best operating conditions for attaining maximum production of the desired product. For complex reaction such as biodiesel fuel synthesis, kinetic studies of transesterification reaction have revealed the mechanism of the reaction and rate constants. The objectives of this research are to develop the kinetic parameters for determination of methyl esters and glycerol selectivity, evaluate the significance of the reverse reaction in transesterification reaction, and examine the influence of reaction characteristics (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and the amount of catalyst) on selectivity. For this study, published reaction rate constants of transesterification reaction were used to develop mathematical expressions for selectivities. In order to examine the base case and reversible transesterification, two calculation schemes (Case  1 and Case  2) were established. An enhanced selectivity was found in the base case of transesterification reaction. The selectivity was greatly improved at optimum reaction temperature (60°C), molar ratio (9 : 1), catalyst concentration (1.5 wt.%), and low free fatty acid feedstock. Further research might explore the application of selectivity for specifying reactor configurations.

Transesterification of Degummed Jatropha curcas Oil Using Tri-potassium Phosphate as Base Catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. V. V. Satyanarayana Murthy ◽  
Rajeswara R. Resapu ◽  
M. R. S. Satyanarayana ◽  
Ramakrishna Jogi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Biodiesel Standards ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectra

Abstract Jatropha curcas oil and methanol are transesterified using potassium triphosphate as base catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, stirring speed, catalyst concentration, solubility and its reusability on the yield of biodiesel are investigated. The base catalyst tri-potassium phosphate (K3PO4) is found to be highly suitable for oils having less than 1.5% free fatty acids (FFA). Highest biodiesel yield (approximately 92%) is acquired under optimum conditions of 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2% catalyst at 70°C reaction temperature at a stirring speed of 650 rpm. The chemical activity of K3PO4 is found to be similar to that of base catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH) and the catalyst solubility in biodiesel as determined by atomic absorption spectra is only 4.81 ppm. It has been found that K3PO4 is highly hygroscopic and its reusability drastically decreases upon further usage and it can be reused only in wetted condition for three continuous usages with drastic reduction in catalytic strength. The biodiesel samples prepared were tested for several physicochemical properties and compared with the values of European biodiesel standards. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also referred to as jatropha methyl esters (JME) in this paper, have been analyzed by gas chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF MIXING ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM NEEM SEED OIL USING METHANOL AND HOMOGENEOUS CATALYST

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
F. Sini ◽  
I. M Atadashi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Neem Seed Oil ◽  
American Society

Biodiesel was prepared through alkali-catalysed transesterification of neem seed oil using sodium hydroxide as catalyst and ethanol. This process of was carried out firstly throuch eserification and then via transesterification. The process was carried out by varying stirring speed (350, 450, 550, 650, 750 and 850 rpm.) and keeping other variables constant (temperature of 60oC, catalyst concentration of 1w/w%  and 6:1 oil to ethanol molar ratio). In this research work, a yield of 93w/w% was achieved at the stirring speed of 850 rpm. It was observed that the viscosity (3.73mm2/s at 400C) of neem oil methylester generated was within the limit (2-6mm2/s) specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials Standards. The density of neem biodiesel at ambient temperature (250C) was found to be 0.85g/ml, which is exactly close to the density of diesel (0.83g/ml). The Flash Point of the neem oil biodiesel produced was 153.60C which above the ASTM D6751 minimum standards for biodiesel fuel of 130oC. Furthermore, Neem oil biodiesel has a pour point of -40C and a cloud point of 20C. These values clearly indicate that the use of neem oil methyl esters in colder regions is limited. However, this value is also indicative of the high potential of this fuel as biodiesel particularly in Northern Nigeria where temperature is always above 20oC, a temperature at which the oil is fluid.

scholarly journals Effective synthesis of n-butyl salicylate over wash coated cordierite honeycomb by zirconia and its mixed oxides: a kinetic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
M Shyamsundar ◽  
SZM Shamshuddin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Butyl Ether

Cordierite honeycombs were coated with solid acid catalysts such as ZrO2 (Z), Mo(VI)/ZrO2 (MZ) and Pt-SO4 2-/ZrO2 (PSZ) were prepared and characterized for their physico-chemical properties. These catalytic materials were characterized for their total surface acidity, crystallinity, functionality, elemental analysis and morphology by using techniques such as NH3 -TPD, PXRD, FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM and TEM respectively. These honeycomb catalysts were used for the liquid phase transesterification reaction of methyl salicylate (MS) with n-butanol (n-BA). Optimization of reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalysts and molar ratio of the reactants were carried out to obtain maximum yield of transester (n-butyl salicylate). n-butyl salicylate is obtained as major product and di-butyl ether is obtained as minor product. Highest total transester 70 % obtained by MZ and 80 % n-butyl salicylate and 10 % selectivity of di-butyl ether obtained in the presence of 0.4 g of honeycomb coated catalysts at a molar ratio of MS: n-BA 2:1, reaction temperature 403 K and reaction time 4 h. The energy of activation (16.81 and 14.92 kJ mol-1) and temperature coefficient (1.36 and 1.12) values of the MZ and PSZ were obtained from the kinetic studies. Pre-adsorption studies showed that the transesterification reaction methyl salicylate with n-butyl alcohol over honeycomb catalysts follows Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. A reaction mechanism for transesterification is proposed based on the kinetic data. Reactivation and reusability studies of the honeycomb coated as well as powder form of catalysts up to 6 reaction cycles were also studied.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 63-76, 2018

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Quick Lime and CaO as Catalysts of Safflower Oil Transesterification

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus N. Camacho ◽  
Reyna Natividad ◽  
Gabriel E. Galvan Muciño ◽  
Ivan García-Orozco ◽  
Ramiro Baeza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
Process Cost ◽  
Tga Analysis ◽  
Better Than

Abstract This work aimed to contrast the performance of quicklime and CaO reagent grade as heterogeneous catalysts for the safflower oil transesterification reaction. Quicklime was characterized by TGA analysis, XRD, atomic absorption, nitrogen physisorption and by Hammett method. In the safflower transesterification reaction, four main variables were studied: addition reagents order, reagents dosage, type of catalyst and methanol-oil molar ratio. The addition reagents order was not found to be determinant on time for reaching equilibrium or maximum methyl esters yield. On the contrary, reagents dosage was found to negatively affect reaction rate and methyl esters yield. It was found that quicklime performs better than CaO and this was ascribed to an increased basicity found in the former. From the results can also be inferred that the use of quicklime as catalyst of the transesterification reaction allows the decrease of the process cost by reducing both, the reaction time and the required amount of alcohol.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Through Nanocatalytic Transesterification Process.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Mittal ◽  
Uttam Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Production of biodiesel from microalgae is gaining popularity since it does not compromise food security or the global economy. This article reports biodiesel production with Spirulina microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification process. The nanocatalyst calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 was synthesized using wet impregnation method and utilized to carry out the transesterification process. The nanocatalyst was characterized to evaluate its structural and spectral characteristics using different characterization techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunaeur-Emmett-Teller(BET) measurement for surface area. The result demonstrates that calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 possesses a high catalytic activity compared to a heterogeneous catalyst such as calcium oxide (CaO). The impact of several process parameters such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and reaction time used in the transesterification process was optimized by employing central composite design(CCD) based response surface methodology(RSM). The polynomial regression equation of second order was obtained for methyl esters. The model projected a 99% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield for optimal process parameters of reaction time 3hrs,3 wt.% of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst loading, 80°C reaction temperature, and 30:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.

scholarly journals Application of Activated Carbon to Obtain Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Edyta Narowska ◽  
Marek Kułażyński ◽  
Marcin Łukaszewicz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Beech Tree ◽  
Carbonaceous Catalyst ◽  
Oil Sunflower

The methanolysis of refined vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and olive oil) using a heterogeneous carbonaceous catalyst was studied. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from beech tree wood and used as the support for KOH and a lipase catalyst. The reactions were carried out for 1–4 h at 60 °C with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 0.5–1.5 wt.% KOH/AC. In contrast, the biotransformation of vegetable oils was carried out for 24 h at 40 °C with an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1 and 5 wt.% lipase/AC. The highest methanolysis yield (99%) for the fatty acid methyl esters was obtained for lipase/AC. These data show that activated carbon is a promising supporter for KOH as well as for lipase in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol. The use of both catalysts in the transesterification reaction may improve biodiesel production. The lipase/AC enables the reduction in methanol excess and eliminates waste formation, whereas the saponification of triglycerides is scanty when KOH/AC is used.

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Its Performance on Four Strokes IC Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
B. S V S R Krishna ◽  
Shivaraj B K
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Cooking Oil

Majority of biodiesel is produced from plant oil (Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Neem, Cotton seed oil etc.), which requires large land area to grow. The major drawback of production of biodiesel in large scale is the cost of raw materials. One of the satisfactory methods to limit the Biodiesel (Methyl esters) production cost is to employ low price/quality raw material, for instance biodiesel production using waste cooking oil (WCO). Simultaneously solves the disposal problem of waste cooking oil. This is socioeconomic and environment friendly and it does not compete with fresh food oil resources. Waste cooking oil collected from different hotels in and around Manipal/Udupi of Karnataka, India. Transesterification reaction of WCO with methanol in presence of alkaline catalyst KOH has been accomplished in transesterification reactor. Experiments have been carried out at different operating conditions viz. catalyst loading (over the range of 0.4 to 3 wt %), oil to methanol ratio (1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 and 1:12), reaction temperature (50, 60 and 70 ºC) and reaction time (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 minutes) to identify optimized conditions for preparation of biodiesel. At these conditions gave that maximum yield (~91.60 %) of biodiesel at catalyst loading of 0.85 wt %, oil to methanol ratio of 1:8, reaction temperature of 60 ºC and reaction time of 60 minutes. Biodiesel properties at different blends (B100, B30, B20, and B5) as prescribed by ASTM D6751-12 methods have been carried out. Its performance and emission test on diesel engine were also carried out.  

scholarly journals Optimization Study in Biodiesel Production via Response Surface Methodology Using Dolomite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina C. R. Santos ◽  
Rômulo B. Vieira ◽  
Antoninho Valentini
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Calcium Leaching

A carbonate mineral, dolomite, was used as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce methyl-esters from soybean oil. The samples were analyzed by XRF, TGA, XRD, TPD-CO2, and SEM. The calcination of dolomite at 800°C/1 h resulted in a highly active mixed metal oxides. In addition, the influence of the reaction variables such as the temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol/soybean oil molar ratio in methyl-ester production was optimized by the application of a central composite design in conjunction with the response surface methodology (RSM). The XRF analysis is carried out after the reuses procedure which shows that the deactivation process is mainly due to the selective calcium leaching. Overall, the calcined dolomite exhibited high catalytic activity at moderate operating conditions for biodiesel production.

Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 1204-1208
Author(s):  
Amar P. Pandhare ◽  
Atul S. Padalkar
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The awareness on biodiesel in developing countries in the recent times has been increased. Several activities have been picked up for its production especially with a view to boost the rural economy. In the present investigation biodiesel was prepared from jatropha curcas seed oil (non edible oil). Before exploiting any plant for industrial application, it is imperative to have complete information about its biology, chemistry, and all other applications so that the potential of plant could be utilized maximally. Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process of jatropha oil with methanol in heterogeneous system, using heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are environment friendly and render the process simplified. Calcination process was followed by the dependence of the conversion of jatropha oil on the reaction variables such as the catalyst loading; the molar ratio of the methanol to oil, reaction temperature agitation speed and the reaction time was studied. The conversion was over 89% at a reaction temperature of 70oC and molar ratio 12:1. Finally, Jatropha oil methyl esters was characterized to test its properties as fuels in diesel engines, such as viscosity, flash point, cetane number. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions is an excellent substitute for fossil fuels.

Application of Calcium Methoxide as Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil

In this study, the biodiesel production of waste cooking oil using calcium methoxide as solid base catalyst was investigated. The calcium methoxide catalyst was synthesized from calcined quick lime reacted with methanol. The XRD result showed that the catalyst was successfully synthesized with sufficient purity. The strength of catalyst was examined on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol. Parameters affecting on transesterification such as the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil-molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion of 99.06%. The optimum conditions were achieved within 3 h using 3wt% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature. In addition, the kinetic study of transesterification reaction was carried out at the temperature from 30°C to 65°C. The pseudo-first order was good agreement with the experiment results. The reaction rate constant (k) and activated energy (Ea) were determined as 0.023 min-1 and 55.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

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