scholarly journals Acute Infectious Morbidity in Multiple Gestation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Dotters-Katz ◽  
Emily Patel ◽  
Chad A. Grotegut ◽  
R. Phillips Heine
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Multiple Gestation ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Infectious Morbidity ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases

Objectives. Physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnancy result in increased susceptibility to infection. These shifts are more pronounced in pregnancies complicated by multiple gestation. The objective of this study was to determine the association between multiple gestation and risk of infectious morbidity.Study Design. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2008–2010 was used to identify pregnant women during admission for delivery with International Classification of Diseases codes. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for demographic data, preexisting medical conditions, and acute medical and infectious complications for women with multiple versus singleton gestations.Results. Among women with multiple gestation, 38.4 per 1,000 women had an infectious complication compared to 12.8 per 1,000 women with singletons. The most significant infectious morbidity associated with multiple gestation was intestinal infections, pyelonephritis, influenza, and pneumonia. After controlling for confounding variables, infectious complications at delivery persisted for women with multiples, though the association was dependent on mode of delivery.Conclusions. Women with multiple gestations are at increased risk for infectious morbidity identified at the time of delivery. This association was diminished among women who had a cesarean suggesting that operative delivery is not responsible for this association.

Four-Corner Arthrodesis versus Proximal Row Carpectomy: Risk Factors and Complications Associated with Prolonged Postoperative Opioid Use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neill Y. Li ◽  
Alexander S. Kuczmarski ◽  
Andrew M. Hresko ◽  
Avi D. Goodman ◽  
Joseph A. Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Proximal Row Carpectomy ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Implant Complications ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases

Abstract Introduction This article compares opioid use patterns following four-corner arthrodesis (FCA) and proximal row carpectomy (PRC) and identifies risk factors and complications associated with prolonged opioid consumption. Materials and Methods The PearlDiver Research Program was used to identify patients undergoing primary FCA (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 25820, 25825) or PRC (CPT 25215) from 2007 to 2017. Patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative opioid use, and postoperative complications were assessed. Opioids were identified through generic drug codes while complications were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions, Clinical Modification codes. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results A total of 888 patients underwent FCA and 835 underwent PRC. Three months postoperatively, more FCA patients (18.0%) continued to use opioids than PRC patients (14.7%) (p = 0.033). Preoperative opioid use was the strongest risk factor for prolonged opioid use for both FCA (odds ratio [OR]: 4.91; p < 0.001) and PRC (OR: 6.33; p < 0.001). Prolonged opioid use was associated with an increased risk of implant complications (OR: 4.96; p < 0.001) and conversion to total wrist arthrodesis (OR: 3.55; p < 0.001) following FCA. Conclusion Prolonged postoperative opioid use is more frequent in patients undergoing FCA than PRC. Understanding the prevalence, risk factors, and complications associated with prolonged postoperative opioid use after these procedures may help physicians counsel patients and implement opioid minimization strategies preoperatively.

Trisomy 18 Pregnancies: Is there an Increased Maternal Risk?

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1057
Author(s):  
Kayli Senz ◽  
Whitney Humphrey ◽  
Vanessa Lee ◽  
Aaron Caughey ◽  
Sarah Dotters-Katz
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Trisomy 18 ◽  
Trisomy 13 ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Objective Characterize the impact of a trisomy 18 (T18) fetus on maternal and obstetric outcomes in a cohort including T18-affected deliveries. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of singleton deliveries in California from 2005 to 2008 using linked vital statistics and the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) data to compare deliveries affected by T18 to those without known aneuploidy. Outcomes of interest included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm delivery (PTD), preeclampsia, cesarean delivery (CD), and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). The χ2 and paired t-tests were used to compare the outcomes. Multiple logistic regression was used to further characterize these risks and control potential confounders. Results Of 2,029,000 deliveries, 298 involved T18. Compared with unaffected deliveries, T18 was associated with GDM (10.7 vs. 6.5%, p = 0.003), PTD < 37 (40.6 vs. 9.9%, p < 0.001) and < 32 weeks (14.8 vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001), and cesarean section (56 vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001), but not preeclampsia. In adjusted analyses, T18 pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of PTD < 37 and < 32 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.29, 6.99; AOR: 10.4, 95% CI: 7.26, 14.8), and an increased odd of CD for primiparous and multiparous women (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.48, 3.91; AOR: 5.42, 95% CI: 3.90, 7.53). Risk of GDM did not persist. Conclusion Unlike trisomy 13 (T13), pregnancies complicated by fetal T18 did not appear to result in an increased risk of preeclampsia. However, there is an increased risk of a range of other obstetric complications.

Readmission after Adult Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A Population-Based Inpatient Cohort Study in Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Shuo Hsu ◽  
Wei-Chung Hsu ◽  
Jenq-Yuh Ko ◽  
Te-Huei Yeh ◽  
Chia-Hsuan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Of Bleeding ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Insurance Database ◽  
Population Based Survey

Objective To investigate readmissions among adult inpatients who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in Taiwan. Design Population-based survey. Setting Retrospective study with the National Health Insurance Database. Methods All cases of inpatient adult UPPP (age >20 years) from 1997 to 2012 were identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Factors associated with readmission within 30 days after surgery were analyzed. Results A total of 38,839 adults with UPPP were identified (mean age, 39.3 years; men, 73.7%). The incidence of UPPP was 14.6 per 100 000 adults, which increased from 1997 to 2012 (6.7 to 16.7 per 100,000, Ptrend < .001). The rates of readmission for any reason, readmission for bleeding, reoperation for bleeding, and 30-day mortality were 4.2%, 1.7%, 1.0%, and 0.14%, respectively. Young age increased the risk of reoperation for bleeding, and old age increased the risk of readmission for any reason and mortality. Men had an increased risk of readmission and reoperation. Hypertension was associated with an increased risk of readmission for any reason (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.10-1.51), bleeding-related readmission (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.52-2.36), and reoperation (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.84-3.30). Concurrent hypopharyngeal surgery was associated with an increased risk of readmission for any reason (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.66) and bleeding-related readmission (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25-2.27). Finally, the use of steroids was associated with an increased risk of bleeding-related readmission and reoperation. Conclusions The incidence of adult UPPP increased from 1997 to 2012 in Taiwan. Age, sex, comorbidity, concurrent hypopharyngeal surgery, and drug administration were associated with readmission after inpatient UPPP.

scholarly journals Vulnerability to fatal drowning among the population in Southern Bangladesh: findings from a cross-sectional household survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e027896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminur Rahman ◽  
Jagnoor Jagnoor ◽  
Kamran ul Baset ◽  
Dan Ryan ◽  
Tahera Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the fatal drowning burden and associated risk factors in Southern Bangladesh.SettingsThe survey was conducted in 39 subdistricts of all 6 districts of the Barisal division, Southern Bangladesh.ParticipantsAll residents (for a minimum 6 months prior to survey) of the Barisal division, Southern Bangladesh.Intervention/methodsA cross-sectional, divisionally representative household survey was conducted in all six districts of the Barisal division between September 2016 and February 2017, covering a population of 386 016. Data were collected by face-to-face interview with adult respondents using handheld electronic tablets. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-v. 10 (ICD-10) Chapter XX: External causes of morbidity and mortality codes for drowning, W65–W74, X36–X39, V90, V92, X71 or X92, were used as the operational definition of a drowning event.ResultsThe overall fatal drowning rate in Barisal was 37.9/100 000 population per year (95% CI 31.8 to 43.9). The highest fatal drowning rate was observed among children aged 1–4 years (262.2/100 000/year). Mortality rates among males (48.2/100 000/year) exceeded that for females (27.9/100 000/year). A higher rate of fatal drowning was found in rural (38.9/100 000/year) compared with urban areas (29.3/100 000/year). The results of the multivariable logistic regression identified that the factors significantly associated with fatal drowning were being male (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3), aged 1–4 years (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.4) and residing in a household with four or more children (four or more children OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9; and five or more children OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7).ConclusionDrowning is a public health problem, especially for children, in the Barisal division of Southern Bangladesh. Male gender, children 1–4 years of age and residing in a household with four or more children were associated with increased risk of fatal drowning events. The Barisal division demands urgent interventions targeted at high-risk groups identified in the survey.

scholarly journals Association of Gestational Age with Postpartum Hemorrhage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Butwick ◽  
Can Liu ◽  
Nan Guo ◽  
Jason Bentley ◽  
Elliot K. Main ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Multiple Gestation ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Gestational Age At Delivery

Background Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage, such as chorioamnionitis and multiple gestation, have been identified in previous epidemiologic studies. However, existing data describing the association between gestational age at delivery and postpartum hemorrhage are conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the association between gestational age at delivery and postpartum hemorrhage. Methods The authors conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of women who underwent live birth delivery in Sweden between 2014 and 2017 and in California between 2011 and 2015. The primary exposure was gestational age at delivery. The primary outcome was postpartum hemorrhage, classified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision—Clinical Modification codes for California births and a blood loss greater than 1,000 ml for Swedish births. The authors accounted for demographic and obstetric factors as potential confounders in the analyses. Results The incidences of postpartum hemorrhage in Sweden (23,323/328,729; 7.1%) and in California (66,583/2,079,637; 3.2%) were not comparable. In Sweden and California, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was highest for deliveries between 41 and 42 weeks’ gestation (7,186/75,539 [9.5%] and 8,921/160,267 [5.6%], respectively). Compared to deliveries between 37 and 38 weeks, deliveries between 41 and 42 weeks had the highest adjusted odds of postpartum hemorrhage (1.62 [95% CI, 1.56 to 1.69] in Sweden and 2.04 [95% CI, 1.98 to 2.09] in California). In both cohorts, the authors observed a nonlinear (J-shaped) association between gestational age and postpartum hemorrhage risk, with 39 weeks as the nadir. In the sensitivity analyses, similar findings were observed among cesarean deliveries only, when postpartum hemorrhage was classified only by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision—Clinical Modification codes, and after excluding women with abnormal placentation disorders. Conclusions The postpartum hemorrhage incidence in Sweden and California was not comparable. When assessing a woman’s risk for postpartum hemorrhage, clinicians should be aware of the heightened odds in women who deliver between 41 and 42 weeks’ gestation. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

scholarly journals Risk of vestibulocochlear disorders in patients with migraine or non-migraine headache

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hwa Lee ◽  
Jong-Ho Kim ◽  
Young-Suk Kwon ◽  
Jae-June Lee ◽  
Jong-Hee Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Migraine Headaches ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Vestibular Symptoms ◽  
Vestibular Neuronitis

Abstract Background Headache, especially migraine, has been associated with various vestibular symptoms and several vestibular syndromes. In addition, cochlear disorders, such as tinnitus and hearing loss, have recently been reported to be more prevalent among migraine patients. However, whether headaches, including migraine or non-migraine headaches, are associated with vestibular and cochlear disorders remains unclear. Thus, the possible associations between headaches, including migraine and non-migraine headaches, and vestibulocochlear disorders were investigated in the present study. Methods Clinical data were analyzed from the Smart Clinical Data Warehouse of Hallym University Medical Center from 2011–2021. In patients with migraine and non-migraine headaches, data on Meniere`s disease (MD), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuronitis (VN), and cochlear disorders such as sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and tinnitus, were collected and compared with clinical data from controls without headache who had health check-ups. In addition, the presence of comorbidities were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision codes in the database and analyzed. Results The study included 15,128 participants with migraines and 76,773 with non-migraine headaches. Controls were identified based on propensity score matching (PSM). After PSM, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in subjects with migraine versus controls were 2.597 for MD (95% CI, 2.047–3.295; p < 0.001), 2.045 for BPPV (95% CI, 1.816–2.302; p < 0.001), 2.976 for VN (95% CI, 2.636–3.360; p < 0.001), 1.739 for SNHL (95% CI, 1.404–2.156; p < 0.001), and 1.970 for tinnitus (95% CI, 1.658–2.341; p < 0.001). The adjusted ORs for MD (1.771; 95% CI, 1.560–2.011; p < 0.001)), BPPV (1.731; 95% CI, 1.637–1.831; p < 0.001), VN (2.048; 95% CI, 1.935–2.168; p < 0.001), SNHL (1.396; 95% CI, 1.273–1.531; p < 0.001), and tinnitus (1.693; 95% CI, 1.569–1.826; p < 0.001) in patients with non-migraine headache versus controls were also high after PSM. Conclusion The present study findings indicated that migraine and non-migraine headaches are associated with an increased risk of cochlear disorders, such as SNHL and tinnitus, in addition to vestibular disorders.

scholarly journals Mortality Risk and Risk Factors in Patients with Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jun Lin ◽  
Tomor Harnod ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Chia-Hung Kao
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Posttraumatic Epilepsy ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Government

Aim: Use the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan to determine whether patients with posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) have an increased risk of mortality. Methods: Patients ≥20 years old ever admitted because of head injury (per International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes 850–854 and 959.01) during 2000–2012 were enrolled into a traumatic brain injury (TBI) cohort. The TBI cohort was divided into with PTE (ICD-9-CM code 345) and posttraumatic nonepilepsy (PTN) cohorts. We compared the PTE and PTN cohorts in terms of age, sex, and comorbidities. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality risk in these cohorts. Results: Patients with PTE had a higher incidence rate (IR) of mortality than did patients with TBI alone (IR per 1000 person-years: 71.8 vs. 27.6), with an aHR 2.31 (95% CI = 1.96–2.73). Patients with PTE aged 20–49, 50–64, and ≥65 years had, respectively, 2.78, 4.14, and 2.48 times the mortality risk of the PTN cohort. Patients with any comorbidity and PTE had 2.71 times the mortality risk as patients in the PTN cohort. Furthermore, patients with PTE had 28.2 increased hospital days and 7.85 times as frequent medical visits per year compared with the PTN cohort. Conclusion: Taiwanese patients with PTE had approximately 2 times the mortality risk and an increased medical burden compared to patients with TBI only. Our findings provide crucial information for clinicians and the government to improve TBI outcomes.

scholarly journals Clinical burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first 2 years of life in children born between 2000 and 2011 in Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Thwaites ◽  
Scot Buchan ◽  
John Fullarton ◽  
Carole Morris ◽  
ElizaBeth Grubb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
National Data ◽  
Clinical Burden ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractNational data from Scotland (all births from 2000 to 2011) were used to estimate the burden associated with respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation (RSVH) during the first 2 years of life. RSVHs were identified using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes. Of 623,770 children, 13,362 (2.1%) had ≥ 1 RSVH by 2 years, with the overall rate being 27.2/1000 (16,946 total RSVHs). Median age at first RSVH was 137 days (interquartile range [IQR] 62–264), with 84.3% of admissions occurring by 1 year. Median length of stay was 2 (IQR 1–4) days and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required by 4.3% (727) for a median 5 (IQR 2–8) days. RSVHs accounted for 6.9% (5089/73,525) of ICU bed days and 6.2% (64,395/1,033,121) of overall bed days (5370/year). RSVHs represented 8.5% (14,243/168,205) of all admissions between October and March and 14.2% (8470/59,535) between December and January. RSVH incidence ranged from 1.7 to 2.5%/year over the study period. Preterms (RSVH incidence 5.2%), and those with congenital heart disease (10.5%), congenital lung disease (11.2%), Down syndrome (14.8%), cerebral palsy (15.5%), cystic fibrosis (12.6%), and neuromuscular disorders (17.0%) were at increased risk of RSVH.Conclusions: RSV causes a substantial burden on Scottish paediatric services during the winter months.What is known:• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of childhood hospitalisation.What is new:• This 12-year study is the first to estimate the burden of RSV hospitalisation (RSVH) in Scotland and included all live births from 2000 to 2011 and followed > 600,000 children until 2 years old.• The overall RSVH rate was 27.2/1000 children, with 2.1% being hospitalised ≥ 1 times.• RSVHs accounted for 6.2% of all inpatient bed days, which rose to 14.2% during the peak months of the RSV season (December–January), equating to over 1400 hospitalisations and nearly 5500 bed days each year.

scholarly journals Impact of Excess Weight Gain on Risk of Postpartum Infection in Class III Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. e213-e216
Author(s):  
Courtney J. Mitchell ◽  
LaMani Adkins ◽  
Ann Tucker ◽  
Haywood Brown ◽  
Anne Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wound Infection ◽  
Multiple Gestation ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Infectious Morbidity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Class Iii Obesity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of gestational weight gain >20 pounds (more than Institute of Medicine [IOM] recommendations) on postpartum infectious morbidity in women with class III obesity. Methods This is a retrospective cohort of term, nonanomalous singleton pregnancies with body mass index ≥40 at a single institution from 2013 to 2017. Pregnancies with multiple gestation, late entry to care, and missing weight gain data are excluded. Primary outcome is a composite of postpartum infection (endometritis, urinary tract, respiratory, and wound infection). Secondary outcomes include components of composite, wound complication, readmission, and blood transfusion. Bivariate statistics compared demographics, pregnancy complications, and delivery characteristics of women exceeding IOM guidelines (GT20) with those who did not (LT20). Regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds of outcomes. Results Of 374 women, 144 (39%) gained GT20 and 230 (62%) gained LT20. Primiparous, nonsmokers more likely gained GT20 (p < 0.05). No significant difference in other demographics. Among women who gained GT20, 10.4% had postpartum infectious morbidity compared with 3.0% in LT20 (p < 0.01). Wound infection is more common in the GT20 group (7.6 vs. 2%, p = 0.02). After adjustment, women who gained GT20 had threefold higher odds of postpartum infectious morbidity (adjusted odds ratio: 3.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 8.60). Conclusion Women with class III obesity who gain more than the IOM recommends are at increased risk for postpartum infectious morbidity.

Comorbidities in Medicare patients with and without breast cancer

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6533-6533
Author(s):  
M. Danese ◽  
C. O'Malley ◽  
D. Kim ◽  
K. Lindquist ◽  
M. Gleeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Breast Cancer Group

6533 Background: Patients with comorbidities may be at increased risk for adverse effects from treatment. We used the SEER-Medicare linked dataset to see if patients with breast cancer had a higher prevalence and subsequent incidence (after diagnosis) of comorbid conditions compared to patients without breast cancer. Methods: We selected all women with breast cancer across all stages, diagnosed from 1998–2002 with follow up through 2005. Patients were at least 66 years old with at least 12 months of non-HMO Medicare coverage prior to diagnosis. One non-cancer patient was matched to each breast cancer patient on sex and county of residence, and was assigned the cancer diagnosis date of her matched subject. Comorbidities were identified through groups of comorbidity-specific International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) codes used in Medicare claims. Claims only for diagnostic testing were excluded, and outpatient-based diagnosis codes were required to be present at least twice with at least 30 days in between to be included. Prevalence at baseline (%) and incidence rates (per 1,000 person-years) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each comorbidity. Rates in the non-cancer group were standardized to the age and race distribution of the breast cancer group to control for potential confounding. Results: 52,977 cancer patients met the inclusion criteria. See table for prevalence and incidence estimates. Conclusions: Physicians should be aware that patients with breast cancer have higher prevalence and subsequent incidence of these comorbidities compared to non-cancer subjects. These differences may be related to the diagnostic process, as well as to therapies used in cancer treatment. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

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