scholarly journals Protective Actions of 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone on Oxidative Neuronal Injury Induced by Organometallic Compounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Ishihara ◽  
Takuya Takemoto ◽  
Atsuhiko Ishida ◽  
Takeshi Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Organometallic Compounds ◽  
Neuronal Injury ◽  
Neuroactive Steroids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuroprotective Actions ◽  
Pass Through

Steroid hormones synthesized in and secreted from peripheral endocrine glands pass through the blood-brain barrier and play a role in the central nervous system. In addition, the brain possesses an inherent endocrine system and synthesizes steroid hormones known as neurosteroids. Increasing evidence shows that neuroactive steroids protect the central nervous system from various harmful stimuli. Reports show that the neuroprotective actions of steroid hormones attenuate oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the antioxidative effects of neuroactive steroids, especially 17β-estradiol and progesterone, on neuronal injury in the central nervous system under various pathological conditions, and then describe our recent findings concerning the neuroprotective actions of 17β-estradiol and progesterone on oxidative neuronal injury induced by organometallic compounds, tributyltin, and methylmercury.

Behavioral Endocrinology: Integrating Mind and Body

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Peter T. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Behavioral Endocrinology ◽  
Paternal Behavior ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Focus

Abstract The nervous system and the endocrine system interact to integrate behavior and physiology. Hormones play an important role in this interaction, particularly steroid hormones. Other molecules, notably oxytocin, can serve both as hormones in the soma and neuromodulators in the central nervous system. Understanding the influence of the endocrine system on human behavior, both individual and social, has been a primary focus of behavioral endocrinology for many decades, though technical and methodological challenges have been formidable. The recent enthusiasm for enzyme-linked immunoassay kits for measuring steroid hormones in saliva has been found to be largely unsound, for example. Despite these difficulties, advances in many areas have been made and new areas, such as the endocrinology of paternal behavior and the role of oxytocin in social interactions, have emerged. Reproductive ecology provides a theoretical framework for integrating the diverse content of human behavioral ecology.

scholarly journals Frequent Abdominal Pain in Childhood and Youth: A Systematic Review of Psychophysiological Characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Daniel Gulewitsch ◽  
Judith Müller ◽  
Paul Enck ◽  
Katja Weimer ◽  
Juliane Schwille-Kiuntke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Endocrine Parameters ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background. Frequent abdominal pain (AP) in children and adolescents is often designated as functional gastrointestinal disorder. In contrast to research on psychological and social influences on the experience of AP in this population, psychophysiological features such as function of the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, or the endocrine system have rarely been studied.Methods. We conducted a systematic literature search for peer-reviewed journal articles referring to children with AP between 4 and 18 years. Studies on experimental baseline characteristics or reactivity of psychophysiological outcome parameters (autonomous nervous system, central nervous system, and endocrine parameters) were included.Key Results. Twelve of 18 included studies found psychophysiological differences between children with AP and healthy ones. These studies indicate a possible autonomic dysregulation and hypersensitivity of the central nervous system in children with AP following stimulation with stress or other intense stimuli. Mainly conflicting results were found regarding baseline comparisons of autonomic and endocrine parameters.Conclusions and Inferences. Frequent AP in children may be associated with an altered psychophysiological reaction on intense stimuli. It has to be considered that the current literature on psychophysiological characteristics of childhood AP is small and heterogeneous. In particular, multiparameter studies using validated experimental paradigms are lacking.

I. Environmental Contamination and Biochemical Relationships

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. HUGUNIN ◽  
R. L. BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pass Through

Mercury is naturally concentrated in geographical belts, but geological cycling has distributed the element in all strata of the earth. Natural concentrations of mercury are approximately 100 ppb in soil, 0.06 ppb in fresh water, 0.01–0.30 ppb in sea water, and 0.003–0.009 μg/m3 in air. Concentrations vary, being highest near mineral deposits. The concentration of mercury in some areas has been significantly increased by human carelessness. An epidemic among Japanese fishing families, death of Swedish wildlife, and discovery of elevated mercury levels in American fish focused attention on this problem. The discovery that certain species are capable of methylating inorganic mercury indicates pollution with any chemical form of mercury is dangerous. Alkylmercurials are the most dangerous form of mercury in the environment. Alkylmercurials are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, diffuse across the blood-brain carrier, and pass through the placental membrane in significantly higher proportions than other mercury compounds. The whole body half-life of methyl mercury in humans is 76 ± 3 days compared to half-lives of 37 ± 3 days for men and 48 ± 5 days for women observed for mercuric salts. Not readily broken down, sufficient concentrations of methyl mercury can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system. Renal damage usually results from high levels of aryl- or alkoxyalkylmercurials and inorganic mercury; however, vapors of elemented mercury can damage the central nervous system. Organic mercury compounds cause chromosome changes, but the medical implications resulting from levels of mercury in food are unknown. The concentration of mercury in red blood cells and hair is indicative of the exposure to alkylmercurials. On a group basis, blood and urine concentrations of mercury may corrrelate with recent exposure to mercury.

scholarly journals Glioendocrine System: Effects of Thyroid Hormones in Glia and their Functions in the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mami Noda
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

AbstractGlial cells play a significant role in the link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Among hormones, thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for the regulation of development and differentiation of neurons and glial cells, and hence for development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). THs are transported into the CNS, metabolized in astrocytes and affect various cell types in the CNS including astrocyte itself. Since 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) is apparently released from astrocytes in the CNS, it is a typical example of glia-endocrine system.The prevalence of thyroid disorders increases with age. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are reported to increase the risk of cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, understanding the neuroglial effects of THs may help to solve the problem why hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may cause mental disorders or become a risk factor for cognitive impairment. In this review, THs are focused among wide variety of hormones related to brain function, and recent advancement in glioendocrine system is described.

The Nervous Pathways For Poisoning, Eating and Learning in Octopus

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-593
Author(s):  
J. Z. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pass Through

1. Octopuses after removal of the lip kill and eat crabs apparently normally. They learn to attack a strange figure moving in the visual field. 2. The pair of nerves that originates from cells at the back of the superior buccal lobe is shown to be responsible for the discharge of secretion from the posterior salivary glands. If this pair of nerves is interrupted the octopus does not poison a crab after catching it. It still eats, however, and learns to attack a strange figure. 3. If both interbuccal connectives have been severed the octopus does not remove the flesh properly from crabs. It does not learn to attack a strange figure. 4. Any operation on the central nervous system that interrupts the pathway from the interbuccal connectives to the lateral superior frontal and optic lobes prevents learning to attack a figure that has been seen. 5. If such cuts pass through the middle of the superior buccal lobe the animal does not poison crabs or completely remove the flesh from their exoskeletons. 6. If the cut is through the back of the superior buccal lobe the octopus does not poison crabs but may tear them open and then clean and eat them. 7. With cuts still farther back the animal poisons, cleans and eats crabs, but still does not learn to attack.

scholarly journals Cerebral Apolipoprotein D Exits the Brain and Accumulates in Peripheral Tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4118
Author(s):  
Frederik Desmarais ◽  
Vincent Hervé ◽  
Karl F. Bergeron ◽  
Gaétan Ravaut ◽  
Morgane Perrotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Apolipoprotein D ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a secreted lipocalin associated with neuroprotection and lipid metabolism. In rodent, the bulk of its expression occurs in the central nervous system. Despite this, ApoD has profound effects in peripheral tissues, indicating that neural ApoD may reach peripheral organs. We endeavor to determine if cerebral ApoD can reach the circulation and accumulate in peripheral tissues. Three hours was necessary for over 40% of all the radiolabeled human ApoD (hApoD), injected bilaterally, to exit the central nervous system (CNS). Once in circulation, hApoD accumulates mostly in the kidneys/urine, liver, and muscles. Accumulation specificity of hApoD in these tissues was strongly correlated with the expression of lowly glycosylated basigin (BSG, CD147). hApoD was observed to pass through bEnd.3 blood brain barrier endothelial cells monolayers. However, cyclophilin A did not impact hApoD internalization rates in bEnd.3, indicating that ApoD exit from the brain is either independent of BSG or relies on additional cell types. Overall, our data showed that ApoD can quickly and efficiently exit the CNS and reach the liver and kidneys/urine, organs linked to the recycling and excretion of lipids and toxins. This indicated that cerebral overexpression during neurodegenerative episodes may serve to evacuate neurotoxic ApoD ligands from the CNS.

scholarly journals The gateway reflex: breaking through the blood barriers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Murakami ◽  
Yuki Tanaka ◽  
Masaaki Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract We have been studying inflammatory diseases, with a special focus on IL-6, and discovered two concepts related to inflammation development. One is the gateway reflex, which is induced by the activation of specific neural circuits followed by establishing gateways for autoreactive CD4+ T cells to pass through blood barriers toward the central nervous system (CNS) and retina during tissue-specific inflammatory diseases. We found that the formation of these gateways is dependent on the IL-6 amplifier, which is machinery for enhanced NF-κB activation in endothelial cells at specific sites. We have found five gateway reflexes in total. Here, we introduce the gateway reflex and the IL-6 amplifier.

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