scholarly journals In VitroDetection of Acaricidal Resistance Status ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusagainst Commercial Preparation of Deltamethrin, Flumethrin, and Fipronil from North Gujarat, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Shyma ◽  
Jay Prakash Gupta ◽  
Veer Singh ◽  
K. K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Test ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Level I ◽  
North Gujarat

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusis the most common tick species in India infesting cattle and buffaloes and causing significant economic losses to dairy and leather industries by adversely affecting the milk production and quality of hides. A study to evaluate the acaricide resistance status ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusto deltamethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil was conducted on the samples collected from organized and unorganized farms of North Gujarat state, where treatment failures were reported frequently. Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) were conducted using field strain for determination of 50 and 95% lethal concentration of deltamethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil. Results obtained by the Adult Immersion Test showed low grade resistance (level I, RF > 5) has been developed against both deltamethrin and fipronil. However, deltamethrin by performing Larval Packet Test showed moderate grade resistance (level II, RF > 25). Larval packet performed by flumethrin also revealed low grade resistance, level I. The data on field status of acaricide resistance from the area with diversified animal genetic resources will be helpful to adopt suitable strategy to overcome the process of development of resistance in ticks.

scholarly journals In Vitro Detection of Acaricidal Resistance Status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against Commercial Preparation of Deltamethrin in Coastal Areas of South Gujarat, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Dharmesh C Patel ◽  
Jayesh B Solanki ◽  
Niranjan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Method ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Commercial Preparation

A total of 2617 bovines (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the most economically important ectoparasite of bovines worldwide. Farmers chiefly relied on chemical acaricides (67.52%) to kill the ticks, and under chemical method 44.09, 24.17, 30.50 and 1.24 % animals had received cypermethrin, deltamethrin, ivermectin and fipronil, respectively, thus favouring the resistance. In adult immersion test (AIT), the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 144.23, 93.97, 141.67 and 57.89 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was I in Valsad and II in other 3 districts for deltamethrin in AIT. In larval packet test (LPT), the median LC50 was 297.29, 126.81, 127.83 and 93.92 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was III in Bharuch and II in other district in LPT.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) resistance to different acaricide formulations using samples from Brazilian properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa ◽  
Marcos Valério Garcia ◽  
Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros ◽  
Wilson Werner Koller ◽  
Renato Andreotti
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Test ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Distrito Federal ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is responsible for considerable economic losses in Brazil, causing leather damage, weight loss and reduced milk production in cattle and results in the transmission of pathogens. Currently, the main method for controlling this tick is using acaricides, but their indiscriminate use is one of the major causes of resistance dissemination. In this study, the adult immersion test (AIT) was used to evaluate resistance in ticks from 28 properties located in five different states (Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Ceará, São Paulo, e Minas Gerais) and the Distrito Federal (DF) of Brazil. The resistance was found in 47.64% of the repetitions demonstrating an efficacy of less than 90% in various locations throughout the country. The larvae packet test was used to evaluate samples from ten properties in four states (Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo). Spray products belonging to the main classes of acaricides, including combination formulations, were used in both types of test. New cases of resistance were found on properties within the states of Ceará, Espírito Santo and Mato Grosso, where such resistance was not previously reported.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of Bm86-CG in Pichia pastoris

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Antibody Titers

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. It is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. Vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. In this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein Bm86-GC, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (GavacTM and TickGardPLUS) that have been developed against cattle ticks. The subcloning was done in the pPIC9 expression vector, for transformation in the yeast Pichia pastoris. This protein was characterized by expression of the recombinant Mut+ strain, which expressed greater quantities of protein. The expressed protein (rBm86-CG) was recognized in the Western-blot assay using anti-Gavac, anti-TickGard, anti-larval extract and anti-rBm86-CG polyclonal sera. The serum produced in cattle vaccinated with the antigen CG rBm86 presented high antibody titers and recognized the native protein. The rBm86-GC has potential relevance as an immunogen for vaccine formulation against cattle ticks.

The management of acaricide resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), in Australia

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Sutherst ◽  
H. N. Comins
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractAn analysis, using mathematical models, is presented of the ecological, genetic and economic factors that determine the optimal strategies for the long-term use of chemical control of Boophilus microplus (Can.) on cattle. As an illustration, the control of the tick in south-eastern Queensland is considered, but the approach is readily applicable in any other geographical area. It is suggested that optimal strategies take into account the need to delay the development of resistance to acaricides. The suggested strategies involve the use of tick-resistant Zebu-type cattle as a basis for tick control. High concentrations of acaricides are recommended to reduce seleotion of resistant ticks. Careful timing and moderation in the use of acaricides is also recommended to minimise the number of occasions on which resistant ticks are subjected to selection at times when they can successfully reproduce. As the spread of resistance is thought to occur primarily on moving cattle and before resistance is evident, stringent quarantine measures may slow down the spread.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: multiresistant tick

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Amadori Machado ◽  
Felipe Lamberti Pivoto ◽  
Maiara Sanitá Tafner Ferreira ◽  
Fabiano de Vargas Gregorio ◽  
Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Cattle Farms

The aim of the present study was to assess the acaricide resistance of tick populations in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), which has not previously been reported. Fifty-four cattle farms were visited and specimens of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected and subjected to the adult immersion test, using nine commercial acaricides in the amidine, pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. Climatic data, including monthly precipitation, were recorded. The results from the present study demonstrated that seven of the acaricides analyzed presented mean efficacy values of less than 95%, with large differences among the products tested. Nine of them exhibited satisfactory and unsatisfactory acaricide results on at least one farm. In conclusion, the farms located in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, exhibited populations of R. (Boophilus) microplus with variable degrees of susceptibility to different acaricides, thus suggesting that resistance to the active compounds exists. It is suggested that treatment protocols should be implemented at the beginning of winter and summer, using the acaricides that showed efficacy in the adult immersion test.

scholarly journals The extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ntondini ◽  
E.M.S.P. Van Dalen ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

In order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks were collected from cattle at 59 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. These ticks were tested for resistance against 3 compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. The Shaw Larval Immersion Test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus at 2 dip-tanks and resistance at a 3rd. It also revealed resistance in this tick to cypermethrin at 1 dip-tank and emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 8 dip-tanks and resistance at 2. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was susceptible to amitraz and cypermethrin at all dip-tanks, but showed emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 7 dip-tanks and resistance at 4. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was susceptible to amitraz and chlorfenvinphos at all dip-tanks and demonstrated emerging resistance to cypermethrin at 1. With the exception of R. (B.) microplus, in which emerging resistance to amitraz was detected at 1 dip-tank by the Reproductive Estimate Test, all 3 tick species at all dip-tanks at which sufficient numbers of ticks had been collected were susceptible to the 3 acaracides in both the Egg Laying Test and the Reproductive Estimate Test. The localities at which acaricide resistance was recorded were mapped.

scholarly journals Acaricide resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Felix David Guerrero ◽  
Mariana Aparecida Soares ◽  
Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros ◽  
Robert John Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
The State ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

This study was conducted to obtain an epidemiological view of acaricide resistance in populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Twenty-four tick samples were collected from municipalities in the State where farmers had reported concerns about resistance to or failure of tick control. These ticks were subjected to in vitro resistance detection assays using the adult immersion test (AIT). The efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin and amitraz treatments on samples collected throughout the State was generally poor. AIT showed efficacy > 90% from the use of DDVP + chlorfenvinphos) (20 out of 21 municipalities), dichlorvos + cypermethrin (10 out of 16 municipalities) and cypermethrin + citronella + chlorpyrifos + piperonyl butoxide (20 out of 21 municipalities). PCR assays were used to detect the presence of pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutation. Larvae from three different populations that had previously been diagnosed as pyrethroid-resistant, through AIT, were evaluated. The PCR assays showed that the pyrethroid resistance-associated gene mutation was absent from these three populations. This study confirms that the emergence of resistance is a constant challenge for the livestock industry, and that development of resistance continues to be a major driver for new antiparasitic drugs to be developed.

Integrated Management of the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Acaricide Resistance Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rosario Cruz ◽  
Delia Inés Domínguez García ◽  
Saúl López Silva ◽  
Fernando Rosario Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Resistance to insecticides is one of the major obstacles to the control of agricultural pests, as well as species important to human and veterinary health. The World Health Organization has called insecticide resistance “the great little obstacle against vector-borne diseases”. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most important vector, transmitting diseases to cattle such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis. These diseases cause great economic losses that significantly increased because of the appearance of tick populations resistant to acaricides, as a result of the intensive use of pesticides. Resistance to ixodicides in Latin America is a growing problem, since control of disease-transmitting ticks, depends heavily on the use of pesticides. In Mexico, the resistance of R. microplus to organophosphate compounds, pyrethroids, and recently amidines, has been detected in some areas, affected by multiple acaricide resistance to the three families of ixodicides. The cattle tick R. microplus in addition to the great ecological impact represents the most expensive pest for livestock in Mexico, since the producers are directly affected by this tick, due to the decrease in the production of meat, milk and damage to the skin, as well as the indirect damage, such as the transmission of diseases, including Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis, which, in turn, represents a serious limitation for the introduction of specialized cattle in endemic areas. Therefore, the use of integrated management programs is a mandatory issue that should be implemented in all those areas affected by this parasite.

scholarly journals Acaricide activity of leaves extracts of Sambucus australis Schltdl. (Caprifoliaceae) at 2% on engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2159-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe da Silva Krawczak ◽  
Andréia Buzatti ◽  
Felipe Lamberti Pivoto ◽  
Luís Antônio Sangioni ◽  
Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Parasite Infections

Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70% has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70% ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2% (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34% and 66% with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70% ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.

scholarly journals Detection of Amitraz Resistance inRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusfrom SBS Nagar, Punjab, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Singh ◽  
Abhijit Nandi ◽  
Jyoti ◽  
S. S. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Regression Graph

The resistance status ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) micropluscollected from SBS Nagar, Punjab, was evaluated against amitraz by Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The regression graph of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of amitraz revealed the slope of mortality (95% CI) as2.36±0.61(0.38 to 4.33). The LC50(95% CI) and LC95(95% CI) values were recorded as 332.52 ppm (305.06–362.44) and 1646.93 ppm (1383.97–1959.84), respectively, and the resistance factor (RF) was 13.17 which indicated level II resistance status. The dose response curves for egg mass weight, reproductive index, and percentage inhibition of oviposition were also validated by AIT and the slopes (95% CI) were-7.17±2.41(−14.85 to 0.50),-0.009±0.02(−0.16 to −0.031), and19.99±4.77(4.81 to 35.17), respectively. The current study reports the development of resistance inR. (B.) microplusto amitraz from Punjab state and the data generated would be useful in formulation of effective control strategies against ticks of this region.

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