Power Consumption: Base Stations of Telecommunication in Sahel Zone of Cameroon: Typology Based on the Power Consumption—Model and Energy Savings

In this paper, the work consists of categorizing telecommunication base stations (BTS) for the Sahel area of Cameroon according to their power consumption per month. It consists also of proposing a model of a power consumption and finally proceeding to energy audits in each type of base station in order to outline the possibilities of realizing energy savings. Three types of telecommunication base stations (BTS) are found in the Sahel area of Cameroon. The energy model takes into account power consumption of all equipment located in base stations (BTS). The energy audits showed that mismanagement of lighting systems, and of air-conditioning systems, and the type of buildings increased the power consumption of the base station. By applying energy savings techniques proposed for base stations (BTS) in the Sahel zone, up to 17% of energy savings are realized in CRTV base stations, approximately 24.4% of energy are realized in the base station of Missinguileo, and approximately 14.5% of energy savings are realized in the base station of Maroua market.

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Support Vector Regression and Genetic Algorithm for HVAC Optimal Operation

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2016/6212951 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ching-Wei Chen ◽

Yung-Chung Chang

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Support Vector ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Cooling Load ◽

Unit Load ◽

Air Handling Unit ◽

Consumption Model ◽

Air Conditioning Systems

This study covers records of various parameters affecting the power consumption of air-conditioning systems. Using the Support Vector Machine (SVM), the chiller power consumption model, secondary chilled water pump power consumption model, air handling unit fan power consumption model, and air handling unit load model were established. In addition, it was found thatR2of the models all reached 0.998, and the training time was far shorter than that of the neural network. Through genetic programming, a combination of operating parameters with the least power consumption of air conditioning operation was searched. Moreover, the air handling unit load in line with the air conditioning cooling load was predicted. The experimental results show that for the combination of operating parameters with the least power consumption in line with the cooling load obtained through genetic algorithm search, the power consumption of the air conditioning systems under said combination of operating parameters was reduced by 22% compared to the fixed operating parameters, thus indicating significant energy efficiency.

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Analysis of Energy Consumption Using Sequential to Better Signal (SBS) Scheme for Green Celluler Network

EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology ◽

10.24003/emitter.v8i1.481 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 221-239

Author(s):

Haniah Mahmudah ◽

Okkie Puspitorini ◽

Ari Wijayanti ◽

Nur Adi Siswandari ◽

Yetik Dwi Kusumaningrum

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Cellular Network ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Base Station ◽

Base Stations ◽

Sleep Mode ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Consuming ◽

Save Energy

Over time, cellular communication technology developed significantly from year to year. This is due to increasing the number of users and the higher needed. To overcome this problem, many providers increase the number of new base station installations to fill up the customer's needed. The increase number of base stations does not take into account the amount of power consumption produced, where in the cellular network Base Stations (BS) are the most dominant energy consuming equipment estimated at 60% - 80% of the total energy consumption in the cellular industry. In addition, energy waste often occurs in the BS where the emission power will always remain even if the number of users is small. Power consumption and energy savings are important issues at this time because they will affect CO2 emissions in the air. This paper proposes to save energy consumption from BS by turning off BS (sleep mode) if the number of users is small and distributed to other BS (neighboring BS) which is called cell zooming technique. The cell size can zoom out when the load traffic is high and zoom in when the load traffic is low. To determine the central BS and neighboring BS, a sequential to better signal (SBS) scheme is used where this scheme sorts neighboring BS based on the SINR value received (user). The results of this research, base station can be able to save energy 29.12% and reduce CO2 emission around 3580 kg/year. It means saving energy consumption which is also reducing air pollution occurs and this term can be named as green cellular network.

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Energy Efficient Schemes for Base Station Management in 4G Broadband Systems

Broadband Wireless Access Networks for 4G - Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4888-3.ch006 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 100-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandra Bousia ◽

Elli Kartsakli ◽

Angelos Antonopoulos ◽

Luis Alonso ◽

Christos Verikoukis

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Base Station ◽

Base Stations ◽

Traffic Load ◽

Network Resources ◽

Load Variations ◽

Mobile Cellular ◽

Main Component

Reducing the energy consumption in wireless networks has become a significant challenge, not only because of its great impact on the global energy crisis, but also because it represents a noteworthy cost for telecommunication operators. The Base Stations (BSs), constituting the main component of wireless infrastructure and the major contributor to the energy consumption of mobile cellular networks, are usually designed and planned to serve their customers during peak times. Therefore, they are more than sufficient when the traffic load is low. In this chapter, the authors propose a number of BSs switching off algorithms as an energy efficient solution to the problem of redundancy of network resources. They demonstrate via analysis and by means of simulations that one can achieve reduction in energy consumption when one switches off the unnecessary BSs. In particular, the authors evaluate the energy that can be saved by progressively turning off BSs during the periods when traffic decreases depending on the traffic load variations and the distance between the BS and their associated User Equipments (UEs). In addition, the authors show how to optimize the energy savings of the network by calculating the most energy-efficient combination of switched off and active BSs.

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Robust Optimization of Power Consumption for Public Buildings Considering Forecasting Uncertainty of Environmental Factors

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11113075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3075 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jingshu Xiao ◽

Jun Xie ◽

Xingying Chen ◽

Kun Yu ◽

Zhenyu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Optimization Problem ◽

Outdoor Air ◽

Public Buildings ◽

Index Method ◽

Electricity Cost ◽

Lighting Systems ◽

Air Conditioning Systems ◽

Additional Constraints

In recent years, with the advancement of urban construction in China, the optimization of power consumption in public buildings has been focused on. The optimization of power consumption in public buildings is based on the prediction of natural illuminance, outdoor air temperature and flow of people in public building. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study how to formulate a power consumption strategy with consideration of forecasting uncertainty of environmental factors. The robust-index method is proposed to deal with the problem of forecasting uncertainty. Firstly, this paper establishes power consumption models for lighting systems, air-conditioning systems, and elevator systems in public buildings. Secondly, the robust indexes for each system and the synthetic robust index are established. Thirdly, the objective function is formulated to reduce the total electricity cost with the robust indexes applied as additional constraints to the optimization problem, therefore the obtained power consumption schedules are able to reach the expected robust level. Finally, simulation results show attributes of the proposed method.

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Dynamic simulation of indirect air conditioning systems with optimized computational time

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911104042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 04042

Author(s):

Nicolás Ablanque ◽

Santiago Torras ◽

Carles Oliet ◽

Joaquim Rigola ◽

Carlos-David Pérez-Segarra

Keyword(s):

Air Conditioning ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Model Potential ◽

Hvac Systems ◽

Object Oriented Programming ◽

Computational Time ◽

Air Conditioning System ◽

Numerical Resolution ◽

Air Conditioning Systems

The simulation of HVAC systems is a powerful tool to improve the energy efficiency in buildings. The modelling of such systems faces several obstacles due to both the physical phenomenology present and the numerical resolution difficulties. The present work is an attempt to develop a robust, fast, and accurate model for HVAC systems that can interact with the other relevant systems involved in buildings thermal management. The whole system model has been developed in the form of libraries under the Modelica language to exploit its advantageous characteristics: object-oriented programming, equationbased modelling, and handling of multi-physics. The global resolution is carried out dynamically so that not only steady-state predictions can be conducted but also control strategies can be studied over meaningful periods of time. This latter aspect is crucial for optimizing energy savings. The libraries include models for all the system individual components such as pumps, compressors or heat exchangers (operating with twophase flows and/or moist air) and also models assemblies to account for vapour compression units and liquid circuits. An illustrative example of an indirect air conditioning system is detailed in the present work in order to highlight the model potential.

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Power consumption model for macrocell and microcell base stations

Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies ◽

10.1002/ett.2565 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 320-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Margot Deruyck ◽

Wout Joseph ◽

Luc Martens

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Base Stations ◽

Consumption Model

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Dynamic Simulation Of Air Conditioning Systems For Base Stations

The Second International Telecommunications Energy Special Conference ◽

10.1109/telesc.1997.655747 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. Romagnoni ◽

M. Scattolin ◽

R. Zecchin

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Simulation ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Base Stations ◽

Air Conditioning Systems

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Calculation of marine air conditioning systems based on energy savings

Ciencia y tecnología de buques ◽

10.25043/19098642.156 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Ricardo A. Lugo-Villalba ◽

Mario Álvarez Guerra ◽

Bienvenido Sarria López

Keyword(s):

Air Conditioning ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Cooling Capacity ◽

Efficient Operation ◽

Average Value ◽

Economic Operation ◽

International Policies ◽

Need To Evaluate ◽

Air Conditioning Systems

The development of ship propulsion in the areas of Economic Operation, Environmental Protection and Ship Efficiency (Triple E - Economy, Environment, Efficiency) is the comparison standard of the manufacturers of contemporary ships. The standard is based on the application of a more modern design of the diesel engines, the wide use of waste heat and the efficient operation of the ship.In accordance with the Economic Operation, the need to evaluate the design of air conditioning systems has been identified in order to determine the possible savings, which are represented by a decrease in fuel consumption, as a result of: the significant impact of this consumption in the operation of the ship, the current high costs of this energy, the periodic increase in the price of the same, and the international policies for the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere and preservation of the environment.By means of the energy diagnosis of the air conditioning system it is possible to determine the possible opportunities of energy saving during the operation of the ship.The results indicate that the thermal load and the cooling capacity required by the air conditioned spaces have a difference between their maximum and average value of 14%. This justifies the need to use a conditioning system with a variable volume of air supplied to the air conditioned space.

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Cell Throughput based Sleep Control Scheme for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) ◽

10.37936/ecti-cit.2018121.99181 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-33

Author(s):

Prapassorn Phaiwitthayaphorn ◽

Kazuo Mori ◽

Hideo Kobayashi ◽

Pisit Boonsrimuang

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Network Capacity ◽

Base Station ◽

Base Stations ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency ◽

Sleep Control

The mobile traffic continuously grows at a rapid rate driven by the widespread use of wireless devices. Along with that, the demands for higher data rate and better coverage lead to increase in power consumption and operating cost of network infrastructure. The concept of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has been proposed as a promising approach to provide higher coverage and capacity for cellular networks. HetNet is an advanced network consisting of multiple kinds of base stations, i.e., macro base station (MBS), and small base station (SBS). The overlay of many SBSs into the MBS coverage can provide higher network capacity and better coverage in cellular networks. However, the dense deployment of SBSs would cause an increase in the power consumption, leading to a decrease in the energy efficiency in downlink cellular networks. Another technique to improve energy efficiency while reducing power consumption in the network is to introduce sleep control for SBSs. This paper proposes cell throughput based sleep control which the cell capacity ratio for the SBSs is employed as decision criteria to put the SBSs into a sleep state. The simulation results for downlink communications demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves the energy efficiency, compared with the conventional scheme.

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