Energy Efficient Schemes for Base Station Management in 4G Broadband Systems

2014 ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bousia ◽  
Elli Kartsakli ◽  
Angelos Antonopoulos ◽  
Luis Alonso ◽  
Christos Verikoukis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Main Component

Reducing the energy consumption in wireless networks has become a significant challenge, not only because of its great impact on the global energy crisis, but also because it represents a noteworthy cost for telecommunication operators. The Base Stations (BSs), constituting the main component of wireless infrastructure and the major contributor to the energy consumption of mobile cellular networks, are usually designed and planned to serve their customers during peak times. Therefore, they are more than sufficient when the traffic load is low. In this chapter, the authors propose a number of BSs switching off algorithms as an energy efficient solution to the problem of redundancy of network resources. They demonstrate via analysis and by means of simulations that one can achieve reduction in energy consumption when one switches off the unnecessary BSs. In particular, the authors evaluate the energy that can be saved by progressively turning off BSs during the periods when traffic decreases depending on the traffic load variations and the distance between the BS and their associated User Equipments (UEs). In addition, the authors show how to optimize the energy savings of the network by calculating the most energy-efficient combination of switched off and active BSs.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Cell Zooming Based Centralized Algorithm for Energy Efficient in Surabaya

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani’ah Mahmudah ◽  
Okkie Puspitorini ◽  
Ari Wijayanti ◽  
Nur Adi Siswandari ◽  
Rosabella Ika Yuanita
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Mobile User ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Centralized Algorithm ◽  
Cell Zooming

The cellular subscribers’s growth over the years increases the traffic volume at Base Stations (BSs) significantly. Typically, in central business district (CBD) area, the traffic load in cellular network in the daytime is relatively heavy, and light in the daynight. But, Base Station still consumes energy normally. It can cause the energy consumption is wasted. On the other hand, energy consumption being an important issue in the world. Because, higher energy consumption contributes on increasing of emission. Thus, it requires for efficiency energy methods by switching BS dynamically. The methods are Lower-to-Higher (LH) and Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme on centralized algorithm. In this paper propose cell zooming technique  which can adjusts the cell size dynamic based on traffic condition. The simulation result by using Lower-to-Higher (LH) scheme can save the network energy consumption up to 70.7917% when the number of mobile user is 37 users and 0% when the number of mobile user is more than or equal to 291 users. While, Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme can save the network energy consumption up to 32.3303% when the number of mobile user is 37 users and 0% when the number of mobile user is more than or equal to 292 users. From both of these schemes, we can analyze that by using Lower-to-Higher (LH) scheme reduces energy consumption greater than using Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme. Nevertheless, both of them can be implemented for energy-efficient method in CBD area. Eventually, the cell zooming technique by using two schemes on centralized algorithm which leads to green cellular network in Surabaya is investigated.

scholarly journals Feasibility of CoMP usage in base station switching off during off-peak periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Jan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Switching Mode ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Existing cellular networks remain operational throughout the year irrespective of traffic. The usage of Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission to provide service in the coverage area of a switched off base station (BS) during off-peak traffic hours has been investigated in this work. The switching off of a BS reduces its energy consumption to zero, however to cover the switched off BS coverage area by neighbouring BS’s, CoMP transmission causes an increase in energy consumption of the neighbouring BS’s. With increasing the number of base stations taking part in CoMP transmission the power consumption of CoMP base stations and site air conditioning unit increases. Results show that the aggressive usage of CoMP is not feasible in most of the twelve switching modes investigated. From the Energy Efficiency Ratio the most energy efficient switching mode is identified. It is then applied to part of a cellular network and the amount of power saving and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is determined. It is found that within a network of 42 cells 7.26% power can be saved by switching off seven base stations during off-peak traffic hours.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Policies for Data Transmission in Disruption Tolerant Heterogeneous IoT Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2891 ◽  
Author(s):  
George  Stamatakis ◽  
Elias Z.  Tragos ◽  
Apostolos Traganitis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Disruption Tolerant Networks ◽  
Intermittent Connectivity

The Internet-of-things facilitates the development of many groundbreaking applications. A large number of these applications involve mobile end nodes and a sparsely deployed network of base stations that operate as gateways to the Internet. Most of the mobile nodes, at least within city areas, are connected through low power wide area networking technologies (LPWAN) using public frequencies. Mobility and sparse network coverage result in long delays and intermittent connectivity for the end nodes. Disruption Tolerant Networks and utilization of heterogeneous wireless interfaces have emerged as key technologies to tackle the problem at hand. The first technology renders communication resilient to intermittent connectivity by storing and carrying data while the later increases the communication opportunities of the end nodes and at the same time reduces energy consumption whenever short-range communication is possible. However, one has to consider that end nodes are typically both memory and energy constrained devices which makes finding an energy efficient data transmission policy for heterogeneous disruption tolerant networks imperative. In this work we utilize information related to the spatial availability of network resources and localization information to formulate the problem at hand as a dynamic programming problem. Next, we utilize the framework of Markov Decision Processes to derive approximately optimal and suboptimal data transmission policies. We also prove that we can achieve improved packet transmission policies and reduce energy consumption, extending battery lifetime. This is achieved by knowing the spatial availability of heterogeneous network resources combined with the mobile node’s location information. Numerical resultsshow significant gains achieved by utilizing the derived approximately optimal and suboptimal policies.

scholarly journals Feasibility of CoMP usage in base station switching off during off-peak periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Jan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Switching Mode ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Existing cellular networks remain operational throughout the year irrespective of traffic. The usage of Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission to provide service in the coverage area of a switched off base station (BS) during off-peak traffic hours has been investigated in this work. The switching off of a BS reduces its energy consumption to zero, however to cover the switched off BS coverage area by neighbouring BS’s, CoMP transmission causes an increase in energy consumption of the neighbouring BS’s. With increasing the number of base stations taking part in CoMP transmission the power consumption of CoMP base stations and site air conditioning unit increases. Results show that the aggressive usage of CoMP is not feasible in most of the twelve switching modes investigated. From the Energy Efficiency Ratio the most energy efficient switching mode is identified. It is then applied to part of a cellular network and the amount of power saving and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is determined. It is found that within a network of 42 cells 7.26% power can be saved by switching off seven base stations during off-peak traffic hours.

scholarly journals Analysis of Energy Consumption Using Sequential to Better Signal (SBS) Scheme for Green Celluler Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Haniah Mahmudah ◽  
Okkie Puspitorini ◽  
Ari Wijayanti ◽  
Nur Adi Siswandari ◽  
Yetik Dwi Kusumaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Save Energy

Over time, cellular communication technology developed significantly from year to year. This is due to increasing the number of users and the higher needed. To overcome this problem, many providers increase the number of new base station installations to fill up the customer's needed. The increase number of base stations does not take into account the amount of power consumption produced, where in the cellular network Base Stations (BS) are the most dominant energy consuming equipment estimated at 60% - 80% of the total energy consumption in the cellular industry. In addition, energy waste often occurs in the BS where the emission power will always remain even if the number of users is small. Power consumption and energy savings are important issues at this time because they will affect CO2 emissions in the air. This paper proposes to save energy consumption from BS by turning off BS (sleep mode) if the number of users is small and distributed to other BS (neighboring BS) which is called cell zooming technique. The cell size can zoom out when the load traffic is high and zoom in when the load traffic is low. To determine the central BS and neighboring BS, a sequential to better signal (SBS) scheme is used where this scheme sorts neighboring BS based on the SINR value received (user). The results of this research, base station can be able to save energy 29.12% and reduce CO2 emission around 3580 kg/year.  It means saving energy consumption which is also reducing air pollution occurs and this term can be named as green cellular network. 

scholarly journals MABC: Power-Based Location Planning with a Modified ABC Algorithm for 5G Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Sachan ◽  
Zahid Muhammad ◽  
Jaehoon (Paul) Jeong ◽  
Chang Wook Ahn ◽  
Hee Yong Youn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Abc Algorithm ◽  
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm

The modernization of smart devices has emerged in exponential growth in data traffic for a high-capacity wireless network. 5G networks must be capable of handling the excessive stress associated with resource allocation methods for its successful deployment. We also need to take care of the problem of causing energy consumption during the dense deployment process. The dense deployment results in severe power consumption because of fulfilling the demands of the increasing traffic load accommodated by base stations. This paper proposes an improved Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm which uses the set of variables such as the transmission power and location of each base station (BS) to improve the accuracy of localization of a user equipment (UE) for the efficient energy consumption at BSes. To estimate the optimal configuration of BSes and reduce the power requirement of connected UEs, we enhanced the ABC algorithm, which is named a Modified ABC (MABC) algorithm, and compared it with the latest work on Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. The proposed algorithm not only determines the optimal coverage of underutilized BSes but also optimizes the power utilization considering the green networks. The performance comparisons of the modified algorithms were conducted to show that the proposed approach has better effectiveness than the legacy algorithms, ABC, RCGA, and DE.

A Split Network based Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Network Stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardeep S. Saini ◽  
Dinesh Arora
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Ch Selection

Background & Objective: The operating efficiency of a sensor network totally relies upon the energy that is consumed by the nodes to perform various tasks like data transmission etc. Thus, it becomes mandatory to consume the energy in an intelligent way so that the network can run for a long period. This paper proposed an energy efficient Cluster Head (CH) selection mechanism by considering the distance to Base Station (BS), distance to node and energy as major factors. The concept of volunteer node is also introduced with an objective to reduce the energy consumption of the CH to transmit data from source to BS. The role of the volunteer node is to transmit the data successfully from source to destination or BS. Conclusion: The results are observed with respect to the Alive nodes, dead nodes and energy consumption of the network. The outcome of the proposed work proves that it outperforms the traditional mechanisms.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Packet Forwarding Scheme Based on Fuzzy Decision-Making in Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Jitander Kumar Pabani ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽  
Waheeduddin Hyder ◽  
Pablo Otero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Making ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Packet Forwarding ◽  
Node Number ◽  
The Impact

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Lighting Design Criteria: Cost-Effective Solutions in an Industrial Environment

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Agraz ◽  
John Maneri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Light Levels

The continual rising cost of energy, existing outdated lighting technology, and inefficient lighting designs have given property owners the opportunity to improve their facilities by retrofitting their existing luminaires with an energy efficient lighting system. A lighting retrofit uses the existing electrical infrastructure to replace, relocate, or convert existing luminaires with the latest generation of cost-effective components. New lighting technology has emerged within the last 6 years that generates energy savings of 40% to 50% while maintaining existing light levels. These upgraded and field-tested solutions lower energy consumption, generate a healthy financial return on investment, and can improve both the quality and quantity of light in the task area. As with any other solution, a cost-effective lighting system must be designed and engineered carefully to accommodate the needs of each work space. Simply installing a new lamp into an existing luminaire will not necessarily guarantee substantial energy savings or an improved lighting environment. In any space that uses electric lighting, the lighting designer must evaluate potential solutions for energy consumption, maintenance concerns, delivered light levels, hostile environments, and the overall economic impact of installing and long-term operation of the new system. In this paper, the author will discuss energy efficient lighting design criteria and how a lighting designer properly engineers a retrofit project to deliver energy savings without sacrificing light levels. The discussion includes a summary of both traditional and emerging technologies, and the long-term impact on energy consumption, maintenance, return on investment, lighting quality, and delivered light levels. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6451
Author(s):  
Alexander Koch ◽  
Olaf Teichert ◽  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Aybike Ongel ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Dynamic Programming Approach ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Powertrain Configuration

State of the art powertrain optimization compares the energy consumption of different powertrain configurations based on simulations with fixed driving cycles. However, this approach might not be applicable to future vehicles, since speed advisory systems and automated driving functions offer the potential to adapt the speed profile to minimize energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the potential of powertrain optimization with respect to energy consumption under optimal energy-efficient driving for electric buses. The optimal powertrain configurations of the buses under energy-efficient driving and their respective energy consumptions are obtained using powertrain-specific optimized driving cycles and compared with those of human-driven unconnected buses and buses with non-powertrain-specific optimal speed profiles. Based on the results, new trends in the powertrain design of vehicles under energy-efficient driving are derived. The optimized driving cycles are calculated using a dynamic programming approach. The evaluations were based on the fact that the buses under energy-efficient driving operate in dedicated lanes with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication while the unconnected buses operate in mixed traffic. The results indicate that deviating from the optimal powertrain configuration does not have a significant effect on energy consumption for optimized speed profiles; however, the energy savings from an optimized powertrain configuration can be significant when ride comfort is considered. The connected buses under energy-efficient driving operating in dedicated lanes may reduce energy consumption by up to 27% compared to human-driven unconnected buses.

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