scholarly journals Reproductive Interference and Niche Partitioning in Aphidophagous Insects

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzuki Noriyuki ◽  
Naoya Osawa
Keyword(s):  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
Race Formation

The range and quality of prey species differ greatly among closely related species of predators. However, the factors responsible for this diversified niche utilization are unclear. This is because the predation and resource competition do not always prevent species coexistence. In this paper, we present evidence in support of reproductive interference as a driver of niche partitioning, focusing on aphidophagous insect. Firstly, we present closely related generalist and specialist species pairs in aphidophagous lacewings to compare the reproductive interference hypothesis with two other hypotheses that have been proposed to explain niche partitioning in lacewings and sympatric speciation through host race formation and sexual selection. Secondly, we present a case study that shows how reproductive interference can drive niche partitioning in sibling ladybird species. Thirdly, we show that many ladybird genera include species inhabiting the same region but having different food and habitat preferences, raising the possibility that reproductive interference might occur in these groups. Finally, we show that intraguild predation cannot always explain the niche partitioning in aphidophagous insects including hoverflies and parasitoids. On the basis of the evidence presented, we urge that future studies investigating predator communities should take account of the role of reproductive interference.

scholarly journals Behavioral interactions between a coexisting rodent Micaelamys namaquensis and macroscelid Elephantulus myurus

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lancaster ◽  
Neville Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Behavioral Interactions ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Rocky Outcrop ◽  
Small Mammal Communities ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
Mammal Communities

Abstract A number of mechanisms are known to influence coexistence in small mammal communities. However, the role of behavioral interactions in promoting species coexistence is under-represented in the literature. We studied the behavioral interactions of two coexisting small mammals, the Namaqua rock mouse Micaelamys namaquensis (Rodentia) and the Rock sengi Elephantulus myurus (Macroscelidae), which have high dietary and microhabitat overlap. Using wild-caught individuals, intra- and interspecific dyadic encounters were staged in tanks on a neutral rocky outcrop. Interspecific dyads displayed significantly more active avoidance behavior. There was no support for the prediction that the larger, more specialist species, E. myurus, is behaviorally dominant over M. namaquensis. Intraspecific encounters of E. myurus showed significantly more passive avoidance and amicable behavior, whereas the behavior of M. namaquensis did not differ between intra- and inter-specific encounters, both of which were characterized by low levels of aggression and amicability. Thus, due to the lack of aggression, direct competition appears weak and instead mutual avoidance may reduce or minimize interspecific interactions, potentially promoting coexistence.

scholarly journals Species coexistence: macroevolutionary relationships and the contingency of historical interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1827) ◽  
pp. 20160047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Germain ◽  
Jason T. Weir ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Allopatric Species ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Annual Plant Species

Evolutionary biologists since Darwin have hypothesized that closely related species compete more intensely and are therefore less likely to coexist. However, recent theory posits that species diverge in two ways: either through the evolution of ‘stabilizing differences’ that promote coexistence by causing individuals to compete more strongly with conspecifics than individuals of other species, or through the evolution of ‘fitness differences’ that cause species to differ in competitive ability and lead to exclusion of the weaker competitor. We tested macroevolutionary patterns of divergence by competing pairs of annual plant species that differ in their phylogenetic relationships, and in whether they have historically occurred in the same region or different regions (sympatric versus allopatric occurrence). For sympatrically occurring species pairs, stabilizing differences rapidly increased with phylogenetic distance. However, fitness differences also increased with phylogenetic distance, resulting in coexistence outcomes that were unpredictable based on phylogenetic relationships. For allopatric species, stabilizing differences showed no trend with phylogenetic distance, whereas fitness differences increased, causing coexistence to become less likely among distant relatives. Our results illustrate the role of species' historical interactions in shaping how phylogenetic relationships structure competitive dynamics, and offer an explanation for the evolution of invasion potential of non-native species.

scholarly journals Reproductive interference hampers species coexistence despite conspecific sperm precedence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Iritani ◽  
Suzuki Noriyuki
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Sperm Precedence ◽  
Interspecific Mating ◽  
Closely Related Species

AbstractNegative interspecific mating interactions, known as reproductive interference, can hamper species coexistence in a local patch and promote niche partitioning or geographical segregation of closely related species. Conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), which occurs when females that have mated with both conspecific and heterospecific males preferentially use conspecific sperm for fertilization, might contribute to species coexistence by mitigating the costs of interspecific mating and hybridization. We examined whether two closely related species exhibiting CSP can coexist in a local environment in the presence of reproductive interference. First, using a behaviourally explicit mathematical model, we demonstrated that two species characterized by negative mating interactions are unlikely to coexist because the costs of reproductive interference, such as loss of mating opportunity with conspecific partners, are inevitably incurred when individuals of both species are present. Second, we experimentally demonstrated differences in mating activity and preference in twoHarmonialadybird species known to exhibit CSP. According to the developed mathematical model of reproductive interference, these behavioural differences should lead to local extinction ofH. yedoensisbecause of reproductive interference byH. axyridis. This prediction is consistent with field observations thatH. axyridisuses various food sources and habitats whereasH. yedoensisis confined to a less preferred prey item and a pine tree habitat. Finally, by a comparative approach, we showed that niche partitioning or parapatric distribution, but not sympatric coexistence in the same habitat, is maintained between species with CSP belonging to a wide range of taxa, including vertebrates and invertebrates living in aquatic or terrestrial environments. Taken together, these results lead us to conclude that reproductive interference generally destabilizes local coexistence even in closely related species that exhibit CSP.

scholarly journals Community and single cell analyses reveal complex predatory interactions between bacteria in high diversity systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yossi Cohen ◽  
Zohar Pasternak ◽  
Susann Müller ◽  
Thomas Hübschmann ◽  
Florian Schattenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Populations

AbstractA fundamental question in community ecology is the role of predator–prey interactions in food-web stability and species coexistence. Although microbial microcosms offer powerful systems to investigate it, interrogating the environment is much more arduous. Here, we show in a 1-year survey that the obligate predators Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) can regulate prey populations, possibly in a density-dependent manner, in the naturally complex, species-rich environments of wastewater treatment plants. Abundant as well as rarer prey populations are affected, leading to an oscillating predatory landscape shifting at various temporal scales in which the total population remains stable. Shifts, along with differential prey range, explain co-existence of the numerous predators through niche partitioning. We validate these sequence-based findings using single-cell sorting combined with fluorescent hybridization and community sequencing. Our approach should be applicable for deciphering community interactions in other systems.

Cognitive Health Counseling 40+

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Eschen ◽  
Franzisca Zehnder ◽  
Mike Martin
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Main Outcome Variable ◽  
Further Development

This article introduces Cognitive Health Counseling 40+ (CH.CO40+), an individualized intervention that is conceptually based on the orchestration model of quality-of-life management ( Martin & Kliegel, 2010 ) and aims at improving satisfaction with cognitive health in adults aged 40 years and older. We describe the theoretically deduced characteristics of CH.CO40+, its target group, its multifactorial nature, its individualization, the application of subjective and objective measures, the role of participants as agents of change, and the rationale for choosing participants’ satisfaction with their cognitive health as main outcome variable. A pilot phase with 15 middle-aged and six older adults suggests that CH.CO40+ attracts, and may be particularly suitable for, subjective memory complainers. Implications of the pilot data for the further development of the intervention are discussed.

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