scholarly journals How Well Does the Traffic System Protect Transit from Congestion? Measuring Route-Level Costs That Congestion Imposes on Transit Operators and Users

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Peter G. Furth ◽  
Ahmed T. M. Halawani
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Buffer Time ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

As transit agencies and road owners adopt the objective of protecting transit from congestion, it becomes important to have a method for measuring the cost that congestion imposes on transit. Congestion impacts transit both by lowering average speed and by increasing service unreliability. Altogether, five congestion impacts were identified: increased running time and recovery time for transit operators and increased riding time, waiting time, and buffer time for passengers. A methodology for estimating those impacts was developed using automatic vehicle location data. The basic approach was to compare the impact variables during various periods of the week against a base period when there is no congestion (late night and early morning), making adjustments to account for differences in demand that affect running time apart from congestion. The methodology was successfully applied to a sample of 10 bus routes in the Boston area. The cost of congestion on the sample routes was found to range from $1 to $2 per passenger, with annual costs as great as $8 M per year on some routes. Of the total congestion cost, just under 20% applies to the operator, with the remainder applying to passengers. And while the operator is mainly affected by increased average delay, passengers are mainly affected by worsening service reliability.

scholarly journals MODELING OF INFORMATION SECURITY SYSTEM IN COMPUTER NETWORK

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Bogdan Korniyenko ◽  
Liliya Galata
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Computing System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Virtual Network ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This article presents simulation modeling process as the way to study the behavior of the Information Security system. Graphical Network Simulator is used for modeling such system and Kali Linux is used for penetration testing and security audit. To implement the project GNS3 package is selected. GNS3 is a graphical network emulator that allows you to simulate a virtual network of more than 20 different manufacturers on a local computer, connect a virtual network to a real one, add a full computer to the network, Third-party Applications for network packet analysis are supported. Depending on the hardware platform on which GNS3 will be used, it is possible to build complex projects consisting of routers Cisco, Cisco ASA, Juniper, as well as servers running network operating systems. Using modeling in the design of computing systems, you can: estimate the bandwidth of the network and its components; identify vulnerability in the structure of computing system; compare different organizations of a computing system; make a perspective development forecast for computer system; predict future requirements for network bandwidth; estimate the performance and the required number of servers in the network; compare various options for computing system upgrading; estimate the impact of software upgrades, workstations or servers power, network protocols changes on the computing system. Research computing system parameters with different characteristics of the individual components allows us to select the network and computing equipment, taking into account its performance, quality of service, reliability and cost. As the cost of a single port in active network equipment can vary depends on the manufacturer's equipment, technology used, reliability, manageability. The modeling can minimize the cost of equipment for the computing system. The modeling becomes effective when the number of workstations is 50-100, and when it more than 300, the total savings could reach 30-40% of project cost

scholarly journals Comparative Impact of Individual Quarantine vs. Active Monitoring of Contacts for the Mitigation of COVID-19: a modelling study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey M. Peak ◽  
Rebecca Kahn ◽  
Yonatan H. Grad ◽  
Lauren M. Childs ◽  
Ruoran Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundVoluntary individual quarantine and voluntary active monitoring of contacts are core disease control strategies for emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Given the impact of quarantine on resources and individual liberty, it is vital to assess under what conditions individual quarantine can more effectively control COVID-19 than active monitoring. As an epidemic grows, it is also important to consider when these interventions are no longer feasible, and broader mitigation measures must be implemented.MethodsTo estimate the comparative efficacy of these case-based interventions to control COVID-19, we fit a stochastic branching model to reported parameters for the dynamics of the disease. Specifically, we fit to the incubation period distribution and each of two sets of the serial interval distribution: a shorter one with a mean serial interval of 4.8 days and a longer one with a mean of 7.5 days. To assess variable resource settings, we consider two feasibility settings: a high feasibility setting with 90% of contacts traced, a half-day average delay in tracing and symptom recognition, and 90% effective isolation; and low feasibility setting with 50% of contacts traced, a two-day average delay, and 50% effective isolation.FindingsOur results suggest that individual quarantine in high feasibility settings where at least three-quarters of infected contacts are individually quarantined contains an outbreak of COVID-19 with a short serial interval (4.8 days) 84% of the time. However, in settings where this performance is unrealistically high and the outbreak continues to grow, so too will the burden of the number of contacts traced for active monitoring or quarantine. When resources are prioritized for scalable interventions such as social distancing, we show active monitoring or individual quarantine of high-risk contacts can contribute synergistically to mitigation efforts.InterpretationOur model highlights the urgent need for more data on the serial interval and the extent of presymptomatic transmission in order to make data-driven policy decisions regarding the cost-benefit comparisons of individual quarantine vs. active monitoring of contacts. To the extent these interventions can be implemented they can help mitigate the spread of COVID-19.FundingThis work was supported in part by Award Number U54GM088558 from the US National Institute Of General Medical Sciences.

The impact of repeat-testing of common chemistry analytes at critical concentrations

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinelo P. Onyenekwu ◽  
Careen L. Hudson ◽  
Annalise E. Zemlin ◽  
Rajiv T. Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Repeat Testing ◽  
Retrospective Audit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Allowable Error ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Academic Laboratory ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEarly notification of critical values by the clinical laboratory to the treating physician is a requirement for accreditation and is essential for effective patient management. Many laboratories automatically repeat a critical value before reporting it to prevent possible misdiagnosis. Given today’s advanced instrumentation and quality assurance practices, we questioned the validity of this approach. We performed an audit of repeat-testing in our laboratory to assess for significant differences between initial and repeated test results, estimate the delay caused by repeat-testing and to quantify the cost of repeating these assays.A retrospective audit of repeat-tests for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the first quarter of 2013 at Tygerberg Academic Laboratory was conducted. Data on the initial and repeat-test values and the time that they were performed was extracted from our laboratory information system. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment criteria for allowable error were employed to assess for significant difference between results.A total of 2308 repeated tests were studied. There was no significant difference in 2291 (99.3%) of the samples. The average delay ranged from 35 min for magnesium to 42 min for sodium and calcium. At least 2.9% of laboratory running costs for the analytes was spent on repeating them.The practice of repeating a critical test result appears unnecessary as it yields similar results, delays notification to the treating clinician and increases laboratory running costs.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

Return on Invesment (ROI) of Software Product: A Systematic Literature Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Rizqa Raaiqa Bintana ◽  
Putri Aisyiyah Rakhma Devi ◽  
Umi Laili Yuhana
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Software Product ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Rational Consideration ◽  
Actual Return ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Investment Models ◽  
The Impact

The quality of the software can be measured by its return on investment. Factors which may affect the return on investment (ROI) is the tangible factors (such as the cost) dan intangible factors (such as the impact of software to the users or stakeholder). The factor of the software itself are assessed through reviewing, testing, process audit, and performance of software. This paper discusses the consideration of return on investment (ROI) assessment criteria derived from the software and its users. These criteria indicate that the approach may support a rational consideration of all relevant criteria when evaluating software, and shows examples of actual return on investment models. Conducted an analysis of the assessment criteria that affect the return on investment if these criteria have a disproportionate effort that resulted in a return on investment of a software decreased. Index Terms - Assessment criteria, Quality assurance, Return on Investment, Software product

Modelling the cost of ill health in Health&WealthMOD (Version II): lost labour force participation, income and taxation, and the impact of disease prevention

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Schofield ◽  
Rupendra Shrestha ◽  
Emily Callander ◽  
Richard Pervical ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact
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