Surface Modification by Combination of Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Soft Lithography for Reduction of Bacterial Adhesion

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and soft lithography are techniques suitable to modify the surface of biomaterials. Modified surfaces might play a role in modulating cells and reducing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. The main objective of this study was threefold: first, to create patterns at microscale on model surfaces using DPN; second, to duplicate and transfer these patterns to a real biomaterial surface using a microstamping technique; and finally, to assess bacterial adhesion to these developed patterned surfaces using the cariogenic species Streptococcus mutans. DPN was used with a polymeric adhesive to create dot patterns on model surfaces. Elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane was used to duplicate the patterns and silica sol to transfer them to the medical grade stainless steel 316L surface by microstamping. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the patterns. S. mutans adhesion was assessed by colony-forming units (CFUs), MTT viability assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DPN allowed creating microarrays from 1 to 5 µm in diameter on model surfaces that were successfully transferred to the stainless steel 316L surface via microstamping. A significant reduction up to one order of magnitude in bacterial adhesion to micropatterned surfaces was observed. The presented experimental approach may be used to create patterns at microscale on a surface and transfer them to other surfaces of interest. A reduction in bacterial adhesion to patterned surfaces might have a major impact since adhesion is a key step in biofilm formation and development of biomaterial-related infections.

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N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine Affects Growth, Extracellular Polysaccharide Production, and Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Solid Surfaces

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.8.4814-4822.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 4814-4822 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

Ann-Cathrin Olofsson ◽

Malte Hermansson ◽

Hans Elwing

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Initial Adhesion ◽

Interesting Candidate ◽

Steel Surfaces

ABSTRACT N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is used in medical treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. The positive effects of NAC treatment have primarily been attributed to the mucus-dissolving properties of NAC, as well as its ability to decrease biofilm formation, which reduces bacterial infections. Our results suggest that NAC also may be an interesting candidate for use as an agent to reduce and prevent biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces in environments typical of paper mill plants. Using 10 different bacterial strains isolated from a paper mill, we found that the mode of action of NAC is chemical, as well as biological, in the case of bacterial adhesion to stainless steel surfaces. The initial adhesion of bacteria is dependent on the wettability of the substratum. NAC was shown to bind to stainless steel, increasing the wettability of the surface. Moreover, NAC decreased bacterial adhesion and even detached bacteria that were adhering to stainless steel surfaces. Growth of various bacteria, as monocultures or in a multispecies community, was inhibited at different concentrations of NAC. We also found that there was no detectable degradation of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by NAC, indicating that NAC reduced the production of EPS, in most bacteria tested, even at concentrations at which growth was not affected. Altogether, the presence of NAC changes the texture of the biofilm formed and makes NAC an interesting candidate for use as a general inhibitor of formation of bacterial biofilms on stainless steel surfaces.

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Influence of nanoemulsion on the adhesion and survival of Aeromonas sp. in meat and contact surfaces of meat

Die Bodenkultur Journal of Land Management Food and Environment ◽

10.2478/boku-2020-0012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 137-145

Author(s):

Melvin Joe Manoharan ◽

Kanakambaram Bradeeba ◽

Abitha Benson ◽

Palanivel Karpagavinayaga Sivakumaar

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Sodium Nitrite ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Log Reduction ◽

Time Period ◽

Contact Surfaces

Summary In the present investigation, coconut oil–based nanoemulsion, designated as AUSN3, was evaluated for its influence on the adhesion and survival of Aeromonas sp. AUBAS34 to beef, pork, and mutton and contact surfaces of meat such as polystyrene, glass, and stainless steel. AUSN3 treatment reduced the hydrophobicity, motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial adhesion of AUBAS34 to meat and the contact surfaces. AUSN3 treatment completely eliminated the AUBAS34 population in the contact surfaces of meat within a time period of 20 min. In meat surfaces, AUSN3 treatment resulted in 1.3–1.8 log reduction in Aeromonas population compared to sodium nitrite treatment and 2.4–3.2 log reduction compared to control.

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Antimicrobial Peptides-Coated Stainless Steel for Fighting Biofilms Formation for Food and Medical Fields: Review of Literature

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11101216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1216

Author(s):

Mayssane Hage ◽

Hikmat Akoum ◽

Nour-Eddine Chihib ◽

Charafeddine Jama

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Antimicrobial Peptides ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

Food Environments ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Safe Alternative ◽

Antimicrobial Coatings ◽

Biofilm Development

Emerging technology regarding antimicrobial coatings contributes to fighting the challenge of pathogenic bacterial biofilms in medical and agri-food environments. Stainless steel is a material widely used in those fields since it has satisfying mechanical properties, but it, unfortunately, lacks the required bio-functionality, rendering it vulnerable to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Therefore, this review aims to present the coatings developed by employing biocides grafted on stainless steel. It also highlights antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)used to coat stainless steel, particularly nisin, which is commonly accepted as a safe alternative to prevent pathogenic biofilm development.

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Fire Ant Venom Alkaloids Inhibit Biofilm Formation

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11070420 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 420 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Danielle Bruno de Carvalho ◽

Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson Fox ◽

Diogo Gama dos Santos ◽

Joab Sampaio de Sousa ◽

Denise Maria Guimarães Freire ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Solenopsis Invicta ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Food Industry ◽

Fire Ant ◽

Ant Venom ◽

Steel Surfaces ◽

Adhesion Inhibition ◽

Medical Health

Biofilm formation on exposed surfaces is a serious issue for the food industry and medical health facilities. There are many proposed strategies to delay, reduce, or even eliminate biofilm formation on surfaces. The present study focuses on the applicability of fire ant venom alkaloids (aka ‘solenopsins’, from Solenopsis invicta) tested on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces relative to the adhesion and biofilm-formation by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Conditioning with solenopsins demonstrates significant reduction of bacterial adhesion. Inhibition rates were 62.7% on polystyrene and 59.0% on stainless steel surfaces. In addition, solenopsins drastically reduced cell populations already growing on conditioned surfaces. Contrary to assumptions by previous authors, solenopsins tested negative for amphipathic properties, thus understanding the mechanisms behind the observed effects still relies on further investigation.

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Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion on Nanotextured Stainless Steel 316L by Electrochemical Etching

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering ◽

10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00544 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 90-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Yeongseon Jang ◽

Won Tae Choi ◽

Christopher T. Johnson ◽

Andrés J. García ◽

Preet M. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Electrochemical Etching ◽

Stainless Steel 316L

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The Effectiveness of Nafion-Coated Stainless Steel Surfaces for Inhibiting Bacillus Subtilis Biofilm Formation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10145001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. 5001

Author(s):

Lijuan Zhong ◽

Yibo Song ◽

Shufeng Zhou

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Stainless Steel Surface ◽

Electrostatic Effects ◽

Uncoated Surface ◽

Coated Surface ◽

Steel Surfaces

Stainless steel is one of most commonly used materials in the world; however, biofilms on the surfaces of stainless steel cause many serious problems. In order to find effective methods of reducing bacterial adhesion to stainless steel, and to investigate the role of electrostatic effects during the formation of biofilms, this study used a stainless steel surface that was negatively charged by being coated with Nafion which was terminated by sulfonic groups. The results showed that the roughness of stainless steel discs coated with 1% Nafion was similar to an uncoated surface; however the hydrophobicity increased, and the Nafion-coated surface reduced the adhesion of Bacillus subtilis by 75% compared with uncoated surfaces. Therefore, a facile way to acquire antibacterial stainless steel was found, and it is proved that electrostatic effects have a significant influence on the formation of biofilms.

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Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to Stainless Steel Surfaces Modified Using Different Topographies Following a Biomimetic Approach

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11070829 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 829

Author(s):

Santiago Arango-Santander ◽

Lina Serna ◽

Juliana Sanchez-Garzon ◽

John Franco

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Soft Lithography ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Surface Model ◽

Surface Models ◽

Biomimetic Approach ◽

Lithography Technique

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is the first step in biofilm formation, which leads to the development of conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Surface modification has been proposed to reduce bacterial adhesion to biomaterials. The objective of this work was to assess and compare Streptococcus mutans adhesion to the surface of biomimetically-modified stainless steel using different topographies. Stainless steel plates were modified using a soft lithography technique following a biomimetic approach. The leaves from Colocasia esculenta, Crocosmia aurea and Salvinia molesta were used as surface models. Silica sol was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Following a soft lithography technique, the surface of the leaves were transferred to the surface of the SS plates. Natural and modified surfaces were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy and contact angle. Streptococcus mutans was used to assess bacterial adhesion. Contact angle measurements showed that natural leaves are highly hydrophobic, but such hydrophobicity could not be transferred to the metallic plates. Roughness varied among the leaves and increased after transference for C. esculenta and decreased for C. aurea. In general, two of the surface models used in this investigation showed positive results for reduction of bacterial adhesion (C. aurea and C. esculenta), while the other showed an increase in bacterial adhesion (S. molesta). Therefore, since a biomimetic approach using natural surfaces showed opposite results, careful selection of the surface model needs to be taken into consideration.

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Silica Sol-Gel Patterned Surfaces Based on Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Microstamping: A Comparison in Resolution and Throughput

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.264 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 720 ◽

pp. 264-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Santiago Arango-Santander ◽

Sidónio C. Freitas ◽

Alejandro Pelaez-Vargas ◽

Claudia García

Keyword(s):

Soft Lithography ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Silica Sol ◽

Experimental Methodology ◽

Patterned Surfaces ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Optical Scanning ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Biomaterial Surface ◽

Dip Pen Nanolithography

Fabrication of patterns on silicon and gold via Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) using silica sol as ink and the combination of DPN, soft lithography, and silica sol-gel to transfer patterns from silicon and gold to stainless steel were assessed. In addition, a comparison in terms of throughput and resolution of both protocols was performed. Optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the patterns. Silica sol showed high resolution but low throughput when used to pattern directly on gold and silicon using DPN. The combination of DPN, silica sol-gel and soft lithography showed high throughput and resolution. The present experimental methodology was useful to create patterns on a surface and transfer them to another surface of interest, which may serve as a biomaterial surface modification model.

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