scholarly journals Effect of Different Hemodialysis Methods on Microbiota in Uremic Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Haidong He ◽  
Yan Xie
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Uremic Patients ◽  
Group B ◽  
Esrd Patients

Background. To investigate the effect of hemodialysis on microbiota in uremic patients. Objective. To investigate the effect of hemodialysis on microbiota in uremic patients. Methods. This study included 85 adult patients who have received hemodialysis since August 2014, and the treatment plan has not changed for more than 12 months. These patients were divided into hemodialysis group (group A), hemodialysis+hemodialysis filtration group (group B), and hemodialysis+hemodialysis filtration+blood perfusion group (group C). Twenty-four adult ESRD patients (CK group) were enrolled. Serum biochemical indexes were measured, glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) was estimated, dialysis adequacy (kt/V) was calculated, and fresh feces were collected. At the same time, the feces of 30 health workers were selected as the control. 16S rRNA sequence was used to determine the intestinal flora of all fecal specimens. First of all, we analyzed the difference of the whole flora distribution between dialysis and nondialysis ESRD patients; then, we selected the most representative content of bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis to analyze the influence of different blood purification methods on the intestinal flora. Results. (1) The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dialysis patients was lower than that in nondialysis ESRD patients, and CRP in group C was lower than that in groups A and B. There was no significant difference in kt/V between group A, group B, and group C. There was no significant difference in EGFR between the four groups. (2) The species diversity of ESRD patients without dialysis (CK group) was significantly lower than that of ESRD patients with dialysis; there was no significant difference between group A and group B; the species diversity of group C was significantly higher than that of group A and group B. (3) Compared with the control group, the levels of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus in ESRD patients were significantly lower, while the levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly higher. (4) The levels of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus in hemodialysis patients were significantly higher than those in nonblood purification treatment group, and the levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly lower than those in nonblood purification treatment group. (5) The level of Lactobacillus acidophilus in group C was significantly higher than that in groups A and B, and the level of Escherichia coli was significantly lower than that in groups A and B. Conclusion. ESRD patients have microbiota disorder. Hemodialysis can improve microbiota disorder in uremic patients. Compared with ordinary hemodialysis, combined hemoperfusion dialysis can further improve microbiota disorder.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF KALO JEERA SEEDS AND PAPAYA LEAF SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Sorwar ◽  
M. Mostofa ◽  
M. N. Hasan ◽  
M. Billah ◽  
M. T. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of papaya leaf (Carica papaya) and kalo jeera (Nigella sativa) seeds powdered supplementation in drinking water as a growth promoter in broiler chickens. A total of 20 Cobb-500 broiler chicks (day-old) were purchased from local hatchery (Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd.) and after seven days of acclimatization chicks were randomly divided into two groups, A (n=10) and B (n=10). The group A was kept as a control and not treated. The group B was supplemented with papaya leaf and kalo jeera powder with feed and water. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight gain up to 5th weeks and hematological tests were performed at 35th day’s age of broiler to search for hematological changes between control (A) and treatment (B) groups. The initial body weight of groups A and B on 1st were 41.00±0.56 gm and 41.50±0.35 gm, respectively and after 35th day of experiment final body weight were 1470±57.35 gm and 1720±58.56 gm, respectively and economics of production were analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 8.91 and Tk. 20.69, respectively. The treatment group B was recorded statistically significant (at 1% level) increased (17.00%) for live body weight than that of control group A. The hematological parameters total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and hemoglobin (Hb) estimation value of treatment group shows significant difference, while hemoglobin estimation does not show significant difference from control group. The results suggest that better growth performance could be achieved in broilers supplemented with papaya leaf and kalo jeera seeds.

EFFECT OF TOCOPHEROL AND SELENIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BUSERELIN FOR ESTRUS INDUCTION IN LATE SEASON ANESTRUS MARES (EQUUS CABALLUS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Farah Ali ◽  
Laeeq Akbar Lodi ◽  
Syed Saad Ul Hazzan ◽  
Riaz Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tocopherol and selenium on the performance of buserelin (GnRH analogue) for estrus induction in anestrus mares. A total of 18 seasonally anestrus mares were divided into three equal groups (n=6 in each) after ovarian scanning. Mares in group A (treatment group) were treated with tocopherol and selenium intramuscularly along with daily dose of buserelin. Mares which came into heat within ten-day buserelin protocol, further injections of buserelin for those mares were stopped. Mares in group B were treated with buserelin intramuscularly only for ten days. Mares which came into heat within ten-day buserelin protocol, further injections of buserelin were stopped. Blood/serum was collected from each experimental mare kept in different groups (A-C) at days 1, 11, 12, 13 and 14. Onset of estrus signs was 83.3, 33.3 and 0% in group A, B and C, respectively, that was significant (P<0.05) among groups. Follicular dynamics were 20.24±3.00, 14.59±2.24 and 10.35±0.63mm in groups A, B and C, respectively with significant (P˂0.05) difference. Change in serum E2 contents was significantly (P˂0.05) different among groups A, B and C whereas progesterone concentration showed non-significant difference among groups.

scholarly journals Influence of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin on aerobic intestinal microflora and fecal drug levels when administered simultaneously with sucralfate.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1725-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Krueger ◽  
G Ruckdeschel ◽  
K Unertl
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Drug Levels ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Ciprofloxacin, when given intravenously (i.v.), is secreted in significant amounts via the mucosa into the intestinal lumen. Sucralfate inhibits the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin. The effect of combined therapy on the intestinal flora was investigated in 16 healthy volunteers. They were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received 2 g of sucralfate orally three times a day for 7 days and 400 mg of ciprofloxacin i.v. twice a day (b.i.d.) starting 3 days after the sucralfate administration began. Group B was given only 400 mg of ciprofloxacin i.v. b.i.d. for 4 days. A total of 9 stool samples were collected from each subject beginning the week before ciprofloxacin was administered and on days -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 or 11 after commencement of the infusion period. The aerobic fecal flora was determined by standard microbiological methods. Measurements of fecal ciprofloxacin levels were based on high-performance liquid chromatography. Counts of bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae decreased in all subjects and were below 10(2) CFU/g in eight of eight subjects (group A) and six of eight subjects (group B) on day 4, but they returned to normal in all but one subject (group A) 10 days after the last infusion. The decreases in levels of bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae were not significantly different in groups A and B (Kaplan-Meier test). Staphylococci and nonfermenters responded variably, enterococci and lactobacilli remained unchanged, and candida levels increased transiently in four subjects (two in each group). Maximum fecal drug levels ranged from 251 to 811 microg/g. No significant difference could be found between the two groups. The i.v. application of ciprofloxacin eliminates intestinal bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in a rapid and selective manner. This effect is not affected by simultaneous oral application of sucralfate.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN OKSIDA NITRAT DAN NILAI HISTOPATOLOGIS PADA ENDOTOKSEMIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Sotianingsih Sotianingsih ◽  
Suharyo Suharyo ◽  
Lisyani S ◽  
Guntur HA
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Termination Time ◽  
Control Group Group

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which has an important role in the occurrence of sepsis. Exposure to LPS will stimulate increase of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is a bioregulator of apoptosis and has some sepsis prognostic role of apoptosis regulators within the gastrointestinal cells. The objective of the study is to know if endotoxemia induces an increase in NO levels and histopathology scores as well as the existing relationship between them. This study is an observational intervention. The subjects were 48 male mice Balb/C, divided into 2 groups. The samples consisted of 24 tail as control group (group A) and 24 as treatment group (group B). The A group as well as the B group is divided into 4 subgroups according to the time of termination. The levels of NO were examined by Griess method. Histopathology score was examined by HE and read as a score of 0–5. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean NO in the treatment group with the control group at the termination of the group of 12h (p=0.009), 24h (p=0.015), 36h (p=0.014), 48h (p=0.002) and the whole group (p=0.0001), as well as between the mean histopathology score at the termination time of 12 h (p=0.0001), 24h (p=0.0001), 36h (p=0.0001), 48h (p=0465) and the whole group (p=0.0001). Increase in NO and histopathology scores in all groups of mice (r=0.527) showed a statistically significant correlation. NO levels and histopathology scores are increased during endotoxemia and thus have a significant correlation.

scholarly journals PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO COMPOSITE FORMALIN-INACTIVATED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN RABBITS

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-180
Author(s):  
M Avais ◽  
G Muhammad ◽  
A Shahzad ◽  
MQ Bilal ◽  
S Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Twenty buffaloes clinically positive for mastitis were selected for the collection of milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli were isolated from milk of mastitic buffaloes according to the procedures recommended by National Mastitis Council Inc., USA. The composite antigen containing S. aureus, Str. Agalactiae and E. coli was then prepared and the concentration of each isolate was adjusted to 1 x 109 cells / ml. To evaluate the antibody response, nine adult healthy rabbits were divided randomly into three groups (A, B and C) consisting of 3 rabbits each. Composite antigen preparation was injected subcutaneously to the rabbits of groups A and B @ 0.2 ml / rabbit while each rabbit of group C inoculated with 0.2 ml normal saline and served as control. The rabbits of group B were given a booster dose at day 15 of the primary injection to see the secondary antibody response. The level of antibodies specific to S. aureus, Str. agalactiae and E. coli were assayed by indirect haemagglutination test (HA) and finally geometric mean titre (GMT) was calculated. At day 0 to 15, it was observed that the antibody titre was almost same in both groups. At day 30 significant difference in antibody titres was observed between group A and B with GMT of 9.8 against S. aureus, and Str. agalactiae in group A whereas in group B GMT was 97.0 against S. aureus and 39.4 against Str. agalactiae which was higher than group A. The GMT against E. coli was 12.1 and 24.3 in group A and B, respectively. At day 45 and 60 there was progressive decrease in antibody titre against Str. agalactiae in group B. The antibody titre against S. aureus first increased at day 45 and then decreased at day 60 whereas the antibody titre against E. coli remained persistent till day 60 in rabbits of group B. Furthermore, the primary antibody response to E. coli of composite antigen was higher (GMT, 12.1 at day 15) compared with S. aureus and Str. agalactiae (GMT, 9.8 at day 15) whereas the secondary antibody response to S. aureus was higher (GMT, 128) compared with Str. agaiactiae and E. coli (GMT, 24.3 at day 45).

scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL OF ADJUVANT AGAINST PRODUCTION OF ANTISTREPTOCOCCAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN Y (IGY) IN AQUACULTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifky Rizkiantino ◽  
I Wayan Teguh Wibawan ◽  
Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu ◽  
Retno Damajanti Soejoedono ◽  
Okti Nadia Poetri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Immunoglobulin Y ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to explore the potential of adjuvant for the production of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) as antistreptococcosis in layer chicken with mass production orientation. Enterococcus faecalis which causes streptococcosis in the red tilapia was selected as a candidateantigen. The production of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) was carried out on Isa Brown layer chickens and aged around 20 weeks. Furthermore, thechickens were grouped into four groups (A, B, C, and D groups), each consisting of three chickens based on the type of adjuvant, while twochickens were used as a control group. Each group was treated by giving MONTANIDE™ ISA 71R VG adjuvant (A), Freund's adjuvant (B), aluminum potassium sulphate adjuvant (KAl(SO4)2∙12H2O) concentration of 50 ppm in pH 7 (C), and only antigens without adjuvant (D). Chickens were kept for 35 days and each week was checked for presence the IgY antigen in the serum and egg yolk. Booster was conducted on 14th and 28th days of maintenance. The results showed that IgY in treatment group A was detected on day 28 in the serum and day 35 in the yolk. Whereas the treatment group B could be detected on day 35 in the serum. However, the IgY was not detected in the serum and yolk in C, D, and control groups until the end of the maintenance. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the appearance of IgY in serum and yolk in a relatively fast time is obtained in the combination of Enterococcus faecalis antigen with the emulsion of water-in-oil adjuvant (SEPPICMONTANIDE™ ISA 71R VG) compared to the other types of adjuvant that use in this study.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TULSI LEAF EXTRACT ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN BROILER PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Hasan ◽  
M. Mostofa ◽  
M. G. Sorwar ◽  
M. T. Hasan ◽  
K. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract supplementation in drinking water as a growth promoter in broiler chickens. A total of 40 Cobb-500 broiler chicks (day-old) were purchased from local hatchery (Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd.). After seven days of acclimatization chicks were randomly divided into two groups, A (n=20) and B (n=20). The group A was kept as a control and not treated. The group B was supplemented with tulsi leaf extract with feed and water. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight gain up to 5th weeks and hematological tests were performed at 35th day’s age of broiler to search for hematological changes between control (A) and treatment (B) groups. The initial body weight of groups A and B on 1st day of this experiment were 41.00±1.78 gm and 41.50±2.35 gm, respectively and after 35th day of experiment final body weight were 1640± 74.83 gm and 1920± 33.91 gm, respectively and economics of production were analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 21.46 and Tk. 32.29, respectively. The treatment group B was recorded statistically significant (at 1% level) increased (16.97%) for live body weight than that of control group A. The hematological parameters total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) estimation value of treatment group shows significant difference, while hemoglobin (Hb) estimation does not show significant difference from control group. The results suggest that better growth performance could be achieved in broilers supplemented with tulsi leaf extract.

scholarly journals Efficacy as a growth promoter of Tulsi leaves extract in broiler production with carcass characteristics and hematological profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-279
Author(s):  
Md Tahidul Islam ◽  
Md Ashraf Zaman Faruk ◽  
Md Sazzad Hossain ◽  
Dolan Das
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) extract supplementation in drinking water as a growth promoter in broiler chickens. A total No. of 30 day old Cobb-500 broiler chicks was purchased from local hatchery and after seven days of acclimatization chicks were randomly divided into two groups A and B in equal number. The group A was kept as a control and not treated. The group B was supplemented with tulsi leaves extract with feed and water. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight gain up to 30 days and hematological tests were performed at 30th day’s age of broiler to evaluate the hematological changes between two groups. The initial body weight of groups A and B on 1st day of this experiment were 42.80±10.31 gm and 42.68±6.90 gm respectively and after 30th days of experiment final body weight were 1530± 33.07 gm and 1600± 44.80 gm respectively; the net body weight gain from 7th day were 1488±41.12 gm and 1551±39.29 gm respectively and economics of production was analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 24.51 and Tk. 32.50 respectively. The treatment group B was reported statistically significant (at 1% level) increased 16.43% for live body weight than the control group A. The hematological parameters TEC, ESR and PCV value of treatment group showed significant difference, while Hemoglobin (Hb) estimation did not show significant difference from control group. Therefore, the findings of the study results suggest that supplemented with tulsi leaves extract with feed and water can improve the growth performance of broiler.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of a myofascial treatment protocol combined with cryotherapy compared to cryotherapy alone in the treatment of acute and subacute ankle sprains

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Morris Kahere
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Objective Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: Ankle sprains are a frequently occurring injury sustained by sports individuals accounting for approximately 20% to 40% of all sports injuries (DiStefano et al. 2008; LeBrun and Krause, 2005). Ankle sprains are mainly caused by excessive inversion (Takao et al., 2005; Andersen et al., 2004), when the foot is twisted inwards and lands at a high velocity damaging the lateral capsule-ligamentous complex (Beynnon et al., 2005). According to Naqvi, Cunningham and Lynch (2012) untreated or inappropriately managed ankle sprains can lead to a cascade of negative alteration to both the joint structures and the individual’s lifestyle. According to Hale, Hertel and Olmsted-Kramer (2007) 30% of ankle sprains result in chronic ankle instability (CAI) and 78% of the CAI cases develop into post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis. This poses a negative impact on an individual’s athletic performance. Ankle sprains can be managed conservatively with the utilization of the PRICE protocol during the acute stage, cross friction massage or instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization techniques (for example Graston®, FAKTR© Concept) for both acute and subacute ankle sprains (Bleakley, 2010). Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a myofascial treatment protocol (FAKTR© Concept) combined with cryotherapy compared to cryotherapy and sham laser in the treatment of sub-acute and acute ankle inversion sprains. Objectives: 1. To determine the effectiveness of a myofascial treatment protocol combined with cryotherapy in terms of subjective (numerical pain rating scale [NRS] and foot function index [FFI]) and objective (oedema measurements [EDM], digital inclinometer readings [DIR], algometer readings [AR] and stork balance stand test score [STR]) measurements in the treatment of acute and sub-acute ankle sprains. 2. To determine the effectiveness of sham laser combined with cryotherapy in terms of subjective (NRS and FFI) and objective (EDM, DIR, AR and STR) measurements in the treatment of acute and sub-acute ankle sprains. 3. To compare the relative improvement between the two groups in terms of subjective (NRS and FFI) and objective measurement (EDM, DIR, AR and STR). Study design: This was a quantitative randomised controlled clinical trial. Methods: Forty participants with sub-acute or acute ankle sprains of not more than three weeks were recruited into the study. All participants had a full case history, physical, and foot and ankle regional examination to assess for their eligibility for entry into the study in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria. These participants were randomly allocated using the hat method into one of two study groups, Group A (treatment group) or Group B. Participants in Group A received a myofascial treatment protocol (FAKTR© Concept) combined with cryotherapy and Group B received cryotherapy and sham laser. These participants had four treatments in two weeks where the appropriate treatment was administered. Pre-treatment subjective (NRS and FFI) and objective (EDM, DIR, AR and STR) measurements were taken at each consultation. This data was analysed using SPSS software version 24.0. Results: The General Linear Model for repeated measures was used for the intra- group and inter-group analysis of the data. Intra-group analysis of the FAKTR© treatment group showed that the group had statistically significant improvements in terms of the subjective and objective measurements of the study with the p-value < 0.05 between all treatment periods. Intra-group analysis of the control group showed no statistically significant improvements in terms of subjective and objective measurements of the study. Inter-group analysis showed no statistically significant difference in terms of the DIR and EDM. The NRS, AR, STR and FFI readings showed statistically significant differences between the two groups with a p-value of < 0.05 mainly on the last two consultations. Conclusion: This study concluded that the myofascial treatment protocol (FAKTR© Concept) combined with cryotherapy was more effective than cryotherapy and sham laser in the treatment of sub-acute and acute inversion ankle sprains. The FAKTR© Concept treatment group appeared to show statistically significant improvements compared to the control group.

scholarly journals Design and Development of a Self-Assessment Tool and Investigating its Effectiveness for E-Learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Domun ◽  
Goonesh K. Bahadur
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract One of the most effective tools in e-learning is the Self-Assessment Tool (SAT) and research has shown that students need to accurately assess their own performance thus improving their learning. The study involved the design and development of a self-assessment tool based on the Revised Blooms taxonomy Framework. As a second step in investigating the effectiveness of the SAT, 1st year student of the BSC Educational Technology program from the VCILT, University of Mauritius were used as testing sample. At this stage the SAT was provided to only half of the sample who were randomly chosen and placed into a treatment group. The remaining half (Control Group) had the normal conditions on the E-learning platform. A semester exam was devised and administered to the whole sample to find out if there was a difference between the scores of both groups. Lastly a feedback form was given to only the treatment group to find out their views on the SAT. The results indicated a significant difference in scores between the treatment and the control groups when the Student’s Independent T-test was used. Group A percentage of passes were higher compared to Group B. Failures were recorded for both groups with an increased rate of failure for Group B compared to Group A. Moreover, most of the respondents’ feedbacks suggested that SAT was a useful guide with helpful feedbacks. The findings concluded that SAT was viewed more as a revision tool that allowed them to assess their own learning.

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