Comparing Hysteretic Energy and Ductility Uniform Annual Failure Rate Spectra for Traditional and a Spectral Shape-Based Intensity Measure

In this study, with the objective to develop a reliability-based seismic design tool, ductility and dissipated hysteretic energy uniform annual failure rate (UAFR) spectra are obtained and compared using the spectral acceleration at first mode of vibration of the structure Sa(T1) and the well-known spectral shape-based intensity measure INp. Notice that this is the first time in the literature that UAFR spectra are obtained for the advanced spectral shape intensity measure INp. For this aim, 110 simulated ground motions recorded from the soft soil of Mexico City were selected due to their large energy amount demanded to the structures; moreover, four elastoplastic hysteretic behavior models are considered for the dynamic analyses with post-yielding stiffness of 0, 3, 5, and 10%. It is observed that the use of elasto-perfectly plastic models provided similar UAFR spectra in comparison with hysteretic models with different post-yielding stiffness. This conclusion is valid for the two selected intensity measures. In addition, the lateral resistance required to achieve similar structural reliability levels is larger when the INp intensity measure is used, especially for buildings with vibration periods equal or larger than the soil period, in such a way that the traditional use of Sa(T1) could provide structures with less structural reliability levels.

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On the Use of Vector-Valued Intensity Measure to Predict Peak and Cumulative Demands of Steel Frames under Narrow-Band Motions

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.595.137 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 595 ◽

pp. 137-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edén Bojórquez ◽

Alfredo Reyes-Salazar ◽

Sonia E. Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Narrow Band ◽

Ground Motions ◽

Steel Frames ◽

Spectral Shape ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Intensity Measures ◽

Energy Demands ◽

Long Duration ◽

Story Drift ◽

Vector Valued

In this study, various alternative vector-valued ground motion intensity measures (IMs) are used to estimate maximum inter-story drifts and hysteretic energy demands of steel framed buildings under long duration narrow-band ground motions. The vectors are based on the spectral acceleration at first mode of the structure as first parameterSa (T1). As the second parameter of the vector,IMsrelated to peak, integral and spectral shape parameters are selected. It is concluded that spectral-shape-based vector-valuedIMshave the best relation with maximum inter-story drift and energy demands in steel frames subjected to narrow-band earthquake ground motions.

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Experimental Evaluation of Hysteretic Behavior of Rhombic Steel Plate Dampers

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/185629 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 185629 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Qiang Han ◽

Junfeng Jia ◽

Zigang Xu ◽

Yulei Bai ◽

Nianhua Song

Keyword(s):

Energy Dissipation ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Steel Plate ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Hysteretic Behavior ◽

Loading Test ◽

Hysteretic Energy ◽

Steel Material ◽

Energy Dissipation Capacity

Rhombic mild-steel plate damper (also named rhombic added damping and Stiffness (RADAS)) is a newly proposed and developed bending energy dissipation damper in recent years, and its mechanical properties, seismic behavior, and engineering application still need further investigations. In order to determine the basic mechanical performance of RADAS, fundamental material properties tests of three types of mild-steel specimen including domestically developed mild-steel material with low yield strength were carried out. Then, a quasistatic loading test was performed to evaluate the mechanical performance and hysteretic energy dissipation capacity of these rhombic mild-steel dampers manufactured by aforementioned three types of steel materials. Test results show that yield strength of domestically developed low yield strength steel (LYS) is remarkably lower than that of regular mild steel and its ultimate strain is also 1/3 larger than that of regular mild steel, indicating that the low yield strength steel has a favorable plastic deformation capability. The rhombic mild-steel plate damper with low yield strength steel material possesses smaller yield force and superior hysteretic energy dissipation capacity; thus they can be used to reduce engineering structural vibration and damage during strong earthquakes.

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An Update to the UKOPA Pipeline Damage Distributions

Volume 4: Pipelining in Northern and Offshore Environments; Strain-Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Standards and Regulations ◽

10.1115/ipc2012-90247 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Graham Goodfellow ◽

Susannah Turner ◽

Jane Haswell ◽

Richard Espiner

Keyword(s):

Failure Rate ◽

Structural Reliability ◽

Operating Experience ◽

Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽

External Interference ◽

Failure Frequency ◽

Product Loss ◽

Distribution Parameters ◽

Transmission Pipeline ◽

Incident Rates

The United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators Association (UKOPA) was formed by UK pipeline operators to provide a common forum for representing operators interests in the safe management of pipelines. This includes providing historical failure statistics for use in pipeline quantitative risk assessment and UKOPA maintain a database to record this data. The UKOPA database holds data on product loss failures of UK major accident hazard pipelines from 1962 onwards and currently has a total length of 22,370 km of pipelines reporting. Overall exposure from 1952 to 2010 is of over 785,000 km years of operating experience with a total of 184 product loss incidents during this period. The low number of failures means that the historical failure rate for pipelines of some specific diameters, wall thicknesses and material grades is zero or statistically insignificant. It is unreasonable to assume that the failure rate for these pipelines is actually zero. However, unlike the European Gas Incident data Group (EGIG) database, which also includes the UK gas transmission pipeline data, the UKOPA database contains extensive data on measured part wall damage that did not cause product loss. The data on damage to pipelines caused by external interference can be assessed to derive statistical distribution parameters describing the expected gouge length, gouge depth and dent depth resulting from an incident. Overall 3rd party interference incident rates for different class locations can also be determined. These distributions and incident rates can be used in structural reliability based techniques to predict the failure frequency due to 3rd party damage for a given set of pipeline parameters. The UKOPA recommended methodology for the assessment of pipeline failure frequency due to 3rd party damage is implemented in the FFREQ software. The distributions of 3rd party damage currently used in FFREQ date from the mid-1990s. This paper describes the work involved in updating the analysis of the damage database and presents the updated distribution parameters. A comparison of predictions using the old and new distributions is also presented.

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A spectral-acceleration-based combination-type earthquake intensity measure for high-rise stack-like structures

Advances in Structural Engineering ◽

10.1177/1369433219894237 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 1350-1366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yikun Qiu ◽

Changdong Zhou ◽

Siha A ◽

Guangwei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Ground Motions ◽

Spectral Acceleration ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Earthquake Intensity ◽

Intensity Measures ◽

Higher Modes ◽

High Rise ◽

Near Fault ◽

Period Elongation

Ground motion intensity measures are of great importance for the seismic design of structures. A well-chosen intensity measure will reduce the detailed ground motion record selection effort for the nonlinear dynamic structural analyses. In this article, a spectral-acceleration-based combination-type earthquake intensity measure is presented. This intensity measure considers the higher modes effect and period elongation effect due to nonlinear deformation at the same time. The modal mass participation factors are determined to take weighting coefficients and the product of elastic first-mode period T1 and a constant C is expressed to represent the elongated period. Therefore, the proposed intensity measure is a combination of earthquake ground motion characteristics, elastic structural responses, higher modes participation, and the period elongation effect due to inelastic structural behaviors. Four three-dimensional models of reinforced concrete stack-like structures including a 240 m-high chimney, a 180 m-high chimney, a 120 m-high chimney, and a 42.3 m-high water tower are established and analyzed in ABAQUS to investigate the correlation between the intensity measure and the maximum curvatures under 44 far-field ground motions and 28 near-fault ground motions with a pulse-like effect. With the optimal vibration modes and the proper period elongation coefficient, the efficiency of the introduced intensity measure is compared with the other 15 intensity measures. The results indicate that the proposed intensity measure is believed to be a good choice for high-rise stack-like structures, especially under the near-fault ground motions with pulse-like effect.

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Improved intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand analysis. Part 2: application of the improved intensity measures

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l10-111 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 89-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lan Lin ◽

Nove Naumoski ◽

Murat Saatcioglu ◽

Simon Foo

Keyword(s):

Demand Analysis ◽

Seismic Demand ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽

Intensity Measures ◽

Seismic Demands ◽

Concrete Frame ◽

Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis ◽

Frame Buildings ◽

Probabilistic Seismic Demand

This is the second of two companion papers on improved intensity measures of strong seismic ground motions for use in probabilistic seismic demand analysis of reinforced concrete frame buildings. The first paper discusses the development of improved intensity measures. This paper describes the application of the developed intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demand analysis. The application is illustrated on the three reinforced concrete frame buildings (4, 10, and 16-storey high) that were used in the first paper. This involved computations of the seismic responses of the structures and the seismic hazard using the improved intensity measures. The response and the hazard results were then combined by means of probabilistic seismic demand analysis to determine the mean annual frequencies of exceeding specified response levels due to future earthquakes (i.e., the probabilistic seismic demands). For the purpose of comparison, probabilistic seismic demand analyses were also conducted by employing the spectral acceleration at the fundamental structural periods (Sa(T1)) as an intensity measure, which is currently the most used in practice. It was found that the use of the improved intensity measures results in significantly lower seismic demands relative to those corresponding to the intensity measure represented by Sa(T1), especially for long period structures.

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Ductility-dependent intensity measure that accounts for ground-motion spectral shape and duration

Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics ◽

10.1002/eqe.2678 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 653-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Nasser A. Marafi ◽

Jeffrey W. Berman ◽

Marc O. Eberhard

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Spectral Shape ◽

Intensity Measure

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Predicting earthquake-induced sliding displacements using effective incremental ground velocity

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1177/8755293019878200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 378-399

Author(s):

Ezra Jampole ◽

Eduardo Miranda ◽

Gregory G. Deierlein

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Ground Motions ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Intensity Measures ◽

Hysteretic Systems ◽

Sliding Surfaces ◽

Pulse Intensity

This article evaluates a pulse intensity measure, the effective incremental ground velocity ( EIGV), for predicting sliding displacements induced by real ground motions. EIGV is based on computing the additional incremental velocity of a pulse after a system begins to slide. Predictions of peak sliding displacements are made using multiple ground motion and pulse intensity measures, and it is found that at high friction levels, defined here as friction coefficient above 0.15, EIGV is a very effective parameter with a lognormal standard deviation of predicted displacements around 0.5, despite including only the properties of the largest pulse in a record. For high-friction systems, very few pulses usually cause the peak sliding displacement during the response history, hence the potential for an effective pulse intensity measure. EIGV improves sliding displacement predictions compared to existing intensity measures, which are geared toward conventional hysteretic systems. Prediction equations are developed for peak relative sliding displacement as a function of EIGV, the sliding interface coefficient of friction, and the radius of curvature for concave sliding surfaces.

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Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Liquefaction Hazard Evaluation

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.2194970 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 413-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Steven L. Kramer ◽

Robert A. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Earthquake Engineering ◽

Ground Motions ◽

Excess Pore Pressure ◽

Hazard Evaluation ◽

Peak Acceleration ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Arias Intensity ◽

Intensity Measures ◽

Liquefaction Hazard

The requirements of performance-based earthquake engineering place increasing importance on the optimal characterization of earthquake ground motions. With respect to liquefaction hazard evaluation, ground motions have historically been characterized by a combination of peak acceleration and earthquake magnitude, and more recently by Arias intensity. This paper introduces a new ground motion intensity measure, CAV5, and shows that excess pore pressure generation in potentially liquefiable soils is considerably more closely related to CAV5 than to other intensity measures, including peak acceleration and Arias intensity. CAV5 is shown to be an efficient, sufficient, and predictable intensity measure for rock motions used as input to liquefaction hazard evaluations. An attenuation relationship for CAV5 is presented and used in an example that illustrates the benefits of scaling bedrock motions to a particular value of CAV5, rather than to the historical intensity measures, for performance-based evaluation of liquefaction hazards.

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