scholarly journals Can Robots Get Some Human Rights? A Cross-Disciplinary Discussion

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Priya Persaud ◽  
Aparna S. Varde ◽  
Weitian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Robot Ethics ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Complex Question ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

An autonomous household robot passed a self-awareness test in 2015, proving that the cognitive capabilities of robots are heading towards those of humans. While this is a milestone in AI, it raises questions about legal implications. If robots are progressively developing cognition, it is important to discuss whether they are entitled to justice pursuant to conventional notions of human rights. This paper offers a comprehensive discussion of this complex question through cross-disciplinary scholarly sources from computer science, ethics, and law. The computer science perspective dissects hardware and software of robots to unveil whether human behavior can be efficiently replicated. The ethics perspective utilizes insights from robot ethics scholars to help decide whether robots can act morally enough to be endowed with human rights. The legal perspective provides an in-depth discussion of human rights with an emphasis on eligibility. The article concludes with recommendations including open research issues.

A Call for Public Participation in the Treaty-making Process in South Africa: What can South Africa Learn from the Kingdom of Thailand?

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retselisitsoe Phooko
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Future Situation ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Personal Jurisdiction

On 2 August 2002 South Africa signed the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Tribunal and the Rules of Procedure Thereof, thus effectively recognising and accepting the jurisdiction of the SADC Tribunal. Among the cases received by the SADC Tribunal was a complaint involving allegations of human rights violations by the government of Zimbabwe. It ruled that the government of Zimbabwe had violated human rights. Consequently, Zimbabwe mounted a politico-legal challenge against the existence of the Tribunal. This resulted in the review of the role and functions of the Tribunal in 2011 which resulted in the Tribunal being barred from receiving new cases or proceeding with the cases that were already before it. Furthermore, on 18 August 2014, the SADC Summit adopted and signed the 2014 Protocol on the Tribunal in the SADC which disturbingly limits personal jurisdiction by denying individual access to the envisaged Tribunal, thus reducing it to an inter-state judicial forum. This article critically looks at the decision of 18 August 2014, specifically the legal implications of the Republic of South Africa’s signing of the 2014 Protocol outside the permissible procedure contained in article 37 of the SADC Protocol on the Tribunal. It proposes that South Africa should correct this democratic deficit by introducing public participation in treaty-making processes in order to prevent a future situation where the executive unilaterally withdraws from an international treaty that is meant to protect human rights at a regional level. To achieve this, this article makes a comparative study between South Africa and the Kingdom of Thailand to learn of any best practices from the latter.

scholarly journals Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-640
Author(s):  
Thiago Dias Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Current Content ◽  
Human Rights Standards

Abstract With the increase in online content circulation new challenges have arisen: the dissemination of defamatory content, non-consensual intimate images, hate speech, fake news, the increase of copyright violations, among others. Due to the huge amount of work required in moderating content, internet platforms are developing artificial intelligence to automate decision-making content removal. This article discusses the reported performance of current content moderation technologies from a legal perspective, addressing the following question: what risks do these technologies pose to freedom of expression, access to information and diversity in the digital environment? The legal analysis developed by the article focuses on international human rights law standards. Despite recent improvements, content moderation technologies still fail to understand context, thereby posing risks to users’ free speech, access to information and equality. Consequently, it is concluded, these technologies should not be the sole basis for reaching decisions that directly affect user expression.

A Survey on Network Methodologies for Real-Time Analytics of Massive IoT Data and Open Research Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1457-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikhar Verma ◽  
Yuichi Kawamoto ◽  
Zubair Md. Fadlullah ◽  
Hiroki Nishiyama ◽  
Nei Kato
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Open Research

Data center network architecture in cloud computing: review, taxonomy, and open research issues

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 776-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Qi ◽  
Muhammad Shiraz ◽  
Jie-yao Liu ◽  
Abdullah Gani ◽  
Zulkanain Abdul Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Data Center Network ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Open Research

Reports on categorization and classification of human rights violations in Chile (1974–1978)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Ruiz ◽  
Oriana Bernasconi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzes socio-discursive categories used to define and classify the political violence exerted in Chilean human rights reports (1974–1978) to understand the emergence of the repertoire of repression and the construction of victimhood as a social recognition and communicative process in Latin America during the 1970s. These reports are addressed as a professional discursive genre produced by non-governmental organizations whose purpose is to denounce the violation of human rights in the context of political controversies as well as in the Chilean totalitarian context. The discursive genre is characterized by objectivity, the credibility of the information, the event-based approach, the use of statistics to establish the type and magnitude of the violation of human rights. The corpus analyzed consists of 44 reports belonging to human rights archives. The statistical section and comments were coded according to narrative categories (participants, action, cause, time and space). The results show the predominance of the legal perspective to classify the violation of human rights, the emergence of the category of enforced disappearance, the relationship with the socio-political context and the categories elaborated to identify patterns of violation of human rights.

scholarly journals The Rise of Internet of Things (IoT) in Big Healthcare Data: Review and Open Research Issues

2017 ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab Alansari ◽  
Safeeullah Soomro ◽  
Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum ◽  
Shahaboddin Shamshirband
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Open Research

Artificial intelligence and human rights: a comprehensive study from Indian legal and policy perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheshadri Chatterjee ◽  
Sreenivasulu N.S.
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rights Issues ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the human rights issue. This study has also examined issues with AI for business and its civil and criminal liability. This study has provided inputs to the policymakers and government authorities to overcome different challenges. Design/methodology/approach This study has analysed different international and Indian laws on human rights issues and the impacts of these laws to protect the human rights of the individual, which could be under threat due to the advancement of AI technology. This study has used descriptive doctrinal legal research methods to examine and understand the insights of existing laws and regulations in India to protect human rights and how these laws could be further developed to protect human rights under the Indian jurisprudence, which is under threat due to rapid advancement of AI-related technology. Findings The study provides a comprehensive insight on the influence of AI on human rights issues and the existing laws in India. The study also shows different policy initiatives by the Government of India to regulate AI. Research limitations/implications The study highlights some of the key policy recommendations helpful to regulate AI. Moreover, this study provides inputs to the regulatory authorities and legal fraternity to draft a much-needed comprehensive policy to regulate AI in the context of the protection of human rights of the citizens. Originality/value AI is constantly posing entangled challenges to human rights. There is no comprehensive study, which investigated the emergence of AI and its influence on human rights issues, especially from the Indian legal perspective. So there is a research gap. This study provides a unique insight of the emergence of AI applications and its influence on human rights issues and provides inputs to the policymaker to help them to draft an effective regulation on AI to protect the human rights of Indian citizens. Thus, this study is considered a unique study that adds value towards the overall literature.

Big Data and Global Software Engineering

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramgopal Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Global Software Engineering ◽  
The Internet Of Things

A large vault of terabytes of information created every day from present-day data frameworks and digital innovations, for example, the internet of things and distributed computing. Investigation of this enormous information requires a ton of endeavors at different dimensions to separate learning for central leadership. An examination is an ebb-and-flow territory of innovative work. The fundamental goal of this paper is to investigate the potential effect of enormous information challenges, open research issues, and different instruments related to it. Subsequently, this article gives a stage to study big data at various stages. It opens another skyline for analysts to build up the arrangement in light of the difficulties, and open research issues. The article comprehended that each large information stage has its core interest. Some of this is intended for bunch handling while some are great at constant scientific. Each large information stage likewise has explicit usefulness. Unique procedures were utilized for the investigation.

Cyber Security Protection for Online Gaming Applications

2018 ◽  
pp. 1647-1655
Author(s):  
Wenbing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Byzantine Faults ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Replica Consistency

In this article, we point out the threats to online gaming applications and present two strategies that can be used to build secure and dependable online gaming applications. These strategies not only seek the solution for gathering entropy to seed the PRNG used in such applications, but also intend to eliminate malicious intrusions to protect the seed and to maintain replica consistency. By applying these techniques, the online gaming applications can ensure its service integrity (both the service providers and the innocent players are protected) and guarantee high availability despite the presence of Byzantine faults. Finally, we outline some open research issues in this field.

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