scholarly journals The Role of Areca catechu Extract on Decreasing Viscosity of Vegetable Oils

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Wardoyo ◽  
Agung S. Widodo ◽  
Widya Wijayanti ◽  
I. N. G. Wardana
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Electron Mobility ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Local Magnetic Field ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
The One

The direct use of vegetable oil is constrained by vegetable oils’ viscosity, which is relatively high. Therefore, this study discusses reducing the vegetable oils viscosity molecularly, using natural additives of Areca extract. The role of Areca extract on diminishing the viscosity of vegetable oil was simulated utilizing HyperChem software. Then, the viscosity was verified using the ASTM D445 method. The results show that the epicatechin in the Areca extract generates a local magnetic field on its aromatic ring that plays the role of energizing electron mobility in vegetable oil. On the one hand, increased electron mobility decreases oil polarity but, on the other hand, increases the London force via a temporary dipole charge. Simultaneously, it relaxes oil molecules that tend to increase molecule distance decreasing the London force. Since viscosity is proportional to the London force and oil polarity; thus, these three phenomena determine the role of Areca extract on the oil viscosity. The viscosity reduction is smaller at a larger number of the double bonds in the fatty acid chain since the local magnetic field’s induction on the electron spin is interrupted in the double bonds

Understanding the role of iron (III) tosylate on heavy oil viscosity reduction

Fuel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 117808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Ciceron Ayala-Orozco ◽  
Pinn-Tsong Chiang ◽  
Michael Shammai ◽  
Michael S. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Oil Viscosity

Comparative Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based Benzyl Esters and Vegetable Oils as Processing Oil in Natural Rubber Compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasleena Boontawee ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Anoma Thitithammawong ◽  
Sopa Chewchanwuttiwong
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Rubber Material ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Benzyl Esters ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
The One ◽  
Acid Esters

The vegetable oil tends to be incompatible and insoluble in the rubber hydrocarbon. They can migrate to the surface of the uncured rubber. To overcome this problem, fatty acid esters that are soluble in rubber material and minimize migration were prepared. Benzyl esters of three different types of vegetable oils (i.e., coconut, palm, and soybean oils) were prepared by reacting fatty acids of vegetable oil with benzyl alcohol. They were then used as processing oil in rubber compounding and processing compared with the one with unmodified vegetable oils. It was found that the benzyl esters of those oils provided the rubber compounds and rubber vulcanizates with superior Mooney viscosity, curing and mechanical properties. Furthermore, better dispersion of filler was observed compared with the rubber compound and vulcanizate with vegetable oil.

Hydrogen Donor Catalytic Aquathermolysis Upgrading for Heavy Oil: A Laboratory Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 480-481 ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa Jun Zhao ◽  
Yong Jian Liu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Long Dong ◽  
Hai Tao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Thermal Recovery ◽  
Hydrogen Donor ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Nickel Salt ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Catalytic Aquathermolysis ◽  
Before And After

Heavy oil pyrolysis reaction was studied with formic acid as a body for hydrogen donor and homemade of oil-soluble organic nickel salt as a catalyst, by high-temperature and high-pressure Reactor simulating Thermal Recovery conditions. Explore the influence of the addition of hydrogen donor on heavy oil viscosity, group composition and sulfur contents before and after the catalytic aquathermolysis reaction. The results show that catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil leads to a percentage viscosity reduction of 64.69%, to an increase in saturates and aromatics contents from 24.32% and 36.89% to 26.12% and 38.08%, and to a decrease in resins, asphaltenes, and sulfur contents from 30.27%, 8.52%, and 0.5650% to 28.27%, 7.53%, and 0.3365%,respectively; when formic acid is introduced at dosage of 1-7% heavy oil mass, the percentage viscosity reductio is continuously raised to 69.16-87.02%, the saturates and aromatics contents-increased to 27.73-31.12% and 39.68-41.26% and the resins, asphaltenes, and sulfur contents-decreased to 26.29-24.12%, 6.66-3.50%, and 0.3095-0.0742%, respectively. The role of hydrogen donor formic acid and the functioning mechanisms involved in catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil are discussed.

You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pierucci ◽  
Olivier Klein ◽  
Andrea Carnaghi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Shared Reality Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Participants

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.

The Formation of Intermediate Product I in a Purified System The Role of Factor IX or of its Precursor and of a Hageman Factor-PTA Fraction

1961 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 224-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T Yin ◽  
F Duckert
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Product ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Haemophilia B ◽  
Hageman Factor ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The One

Summary1. The role of two clot promoting fractions isolated from either plasma or serum is studied in a purified system for the generation of intermediate product I in which the serum is replaced by factor X and the investigated fractions.2. Optimal generation of intermediate product I is possible in the purified system utilizing fractions devoid of factor IX one-stage activity. Prothrombin and thrombin are not necessary in this system.3. The fraction containing factor IX or its precursor, no measurable activity by the one-stage assay method, controls the yield of intermediate product I. No similar fraction can be isolated from haemophilia B plasma or serum.4. The Hageman factor — PTA fraction shortens the lag phase of intermediate product I formation and has no influence on the yield. This fraction can also be prepared from haemophilia B plasma or serum.

THE ROLE OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF ARTISTIC WORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (29) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Lidiya Derbenyova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Horizon Of Expectations

The article explores the role of antropoetonyms in the reader’s “horizon of expectation” formation. As a kind of “text in the text”, antropoetonyms are concentrating a large amount of information on a minor part of the text, reflecting the main theme of the work. As a “text” this class of poetonyms performs a number of functions: transmission and storage of information, generation of new meanings, the function of “cultural memory”, which explains the readers’ “horizon of expectations”. In analyzing the context of the literary work we should consider the function of antropoetonyms in vertical context (the link between artistic and other texts, and the groundwork system of culture), as well as in the context of the horizontal one (times’ connection realized in the communication chain from the word to the text; the author’s intention). In this aspect, the role of antropoetonyms in the structure of the literary text is extremely significant because antropoetonyms convey an associative nature, generating a complex mechanism of allusions. It’s an open fact that they always transmit information about the preceding text and suggest a double decoding. On the one hand, the recipient decodes this information, on the other – accepts this as a sort of hidden, “secret” sense.

Public Procurement Principles Generated by the Treaty of Rome

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Ioan-Gabriel Popa
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
European Directives ◽  
Community Institutions ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods ◽  
The One

AbstractIn order to understand the principles of public procurement in Romania, it is necessary to analyze, on the one hand, the European directives that regulate the actual public procurement and, on the other hand, the context in which the European directives were adopted. Even with the directives in force, the more general provisions contained in the Treaty of the European Economic Community (EEC) in Rome, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty, are applied, as well as many more general principles of law that will guide the interpretation of these directives. The Treaty was adopted in Rome, in 1957 and became applicable from January 1, 1958. It is considered that the source of the principles of public procurement is the Treaty. Even if in Treaty contained no specific provisions regarding the field of public procurement, it reflects the principles and the general framework for the functioning of the single market, a market characterized through the prism of the fundamental freedoms established by the Treaty: the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons. As the field of public procurement is closely linked to the free movement of goods, this principle is promoted and implemented in the practice of this field based on the regulations, directives and decisions of the Community institutions. The role of the free movement of goods is to harmonize the relationships involved in the process of purchasing goods, but also to ensure the homogeneity, coherence and balance of this process.

Adiabatic large polarons in anisotropic molecular crystals

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Zoran Ivić ◽  
Željko Pržulj
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Effective Mass ◽  
Molecular Crystals ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Interchain Coupling ◽  
Large Polaron ◽  
The One

Adiabatic large polarons in anisotropic molecular crystals We study the large polaron whose motion is confined to a single chain in a system composed of the collection of parallel molecular chains embedded in threedimensional lattice. It is found that the interchain coupling has a significant impact on the large polaron characteristics. In particular, its radius is quite larger while its effective mass is considerably lighter than that estimated within the one-dimensional models. We believe that our findings should be taken into account for the proper understanding of the possible role of large polarons in the charge and energy transfer in quasi-one-dimensional substances.

NURTURING OF CHILDREN THROUGH DRAMA AND THEATRE: THE CASE OF INTWASA KOBULAWAYO PERFORMANCES

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Vimbai Moreblessing Matiza
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Dramatic and theatrical performances have a long history of being used as tools to enhance development in children and youth. In pre-colonial times there were some forms of drama and theatre used by different communities in the socialisation of children. It is in the same vein that this article, through the Intwasa koBulawayo performances, seeks to evaluate how drama and theatre are used to nurture children and youth into different developmental facets of their lives. The only difference which this article will take into cognisance is that the performances are done in a different environment, which is not the one used in the pre-colonial times. Although these performances were like this, the most important factor is the idea that children and youth are socialised through these performances. It is also against this backdrop that children and youth are growing up in a globalised environment, hence the performances should accommodate people from all walks of life and teach them relevant issues pertaining to life as they live it now. Thus the main task of the article is to spell out the role of drama and theatre in the nurturing of children and youth through socio economic and political development in Intwasa koBulawayo festivals.

The problem of woman’s emansipation in the feuilleton “Amazonia: a very inept story” by Mykola Chirsky

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Iryna Rusnak
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Compositional Structure ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Artistic Heritage

The author of the article analyses the problem of the female emancipation in the little-known feuilleton “Amazonia: A Very Inept Story” (1924) by Mykola Chirsky. The author determines the genre affiliation of the work and examines its compositional structure. Three parts are distinguished in the architectonics of associative feuilleton: associative conception; deployment of a “small” topic; conclusion. The author of the article clarifies the role of intertextual elements and the method of constantly switching the tone from serious to comic to reveal the thematic direction of the work. Mykola Chirsky’s interest in the problem of female emancipation is corresponded to the general mood of the era. The subject of ridicule in provocative feuilleton is the woman’s radical metamorphoses, since repulsive manifestations of emancipation becomes commonplace. At the same time, the writer shows respect for the woman, appreciates her femininity, internal and external beauty, personality. He associates the positive in women with the functions of a faithful wife, a caring mother, and a skilled housewife. In feuilleton, the writer does not bypass the problem of the modern man role in a family, but analyses the value and moral and ethical guidelines of his character. The husband’s bad habits receive a caricatured interpretation in the strange behaviour of relatives. On the one hand, the writer does not perceive the extremes brought by female emancipation, and on the other, he mercilessly criticises the male “virtues” of contemporaries far from the standard. The artistic heritage of Mykola Chirsky remains little studied. The urgent task of modern literary studies is the introduction of Mykola Chirsky’s unknown works into the scientific circulation and their thorough scientific understanding.

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