scholarly journals Determining Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors in Cameroon: A Multilevel Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Betregiorgis Zegeye ◽  
Bight Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Mpho Keetile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background. Anemia constitutes a major public health concern, which is associated with maternal and perinatal mortality. In low- and middle-income countries, the burden of anemia is profoundly high. Cameroon, as one of the low- and middle-income countries, has a disproportionate anemia burden. Factors associated with anemia prevalence are largely unknown in Cameroon. Hence, we determined the prevalence of anemia and its individual/household and community-level factors among adult women in Cameroon. Methods. We derived data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey for analysis in this study. Using the Stata version 14 software, univariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to select variables that had significant association with anemia at p < 0.05 . Statistically significant variables were included in a multivariable multilevel logistic regression modelling to examine their associations with anemia. Results were reported using adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. A total of 6,809 women aged 15-49 years were involved in this study with a mean age 30 ± 11.87 years. Approximately two-fifths of women were anemic. Of them, 0.8% were severely anemic, while 17.4% and 21.5% were moderately and mildly anemic, respectively. Current employment status (yes AOR = 0.77 , 95% CI; 0.61-0.96) and parity (1-2 children AOR = 0.61 , 95% CI; 0.44-0.86) were the main individual level factors associated with anemia, whereas region (Douala region AOR = 2.65 , 95% CI; 1.61-4.36, North-West region AOR = 0.53 , 95% CI; 0.28-0.99) was the community-level factor associated with anaemia. Conclusion. Empowerment of women through employment opportunities as well as focusing special attention in region where high prevalence of anemia could be crucial to decrease the burden of anemia and related maternal and perinatal mortality in the country.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

Stock-Outs of Essential Medicines Among Community Health Workers (CHWs) In Low- And Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Literature Review of The Extent, Reasons, And Consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimbola Olaniran ◽  
Jane Briggs ◽  
Ami Pradhan ◽  
Erin Bogue ◽  
Benjamin Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential medicines among Community Health Workers (CHWs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and identifies the reasons for and consequences of essential medicine stock-outs. Methods: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched with a prespecified strategy and the grey literature examined, January 2006 - March 2021. Papers containing information on (i) the percentage of CHWs stocked out or (ii) reasons for stock-outs along the supply chain and consequences of stock-out were included and appraised for risk of bias. Outcomes were quantitative data on the extent of stock-out, summarized using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data regarding reasons for and consequences of stock-outs, analyzed using thematic content analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Two reviewers screened 1083 records; 78 evaluations were included. Over the last fifteen years, CHWs experienced stock-outs of essential medicines nearly one third of the time and at a significantly (p < 0.01) higher rate than the health centers to which they are affiliated (28.93% [CI 95%: 28.79 - 29.07] vs 9.17 % [CI 95%: 8.64 - 9.70], respectively). A comparison of the period 2006-2015 and 2016-2021 showed a significant (p < 0.01) increase in CHW stock-out level from 26.36% [CI 95%: 26.22 -26.50] to 48.65% [CI 95%: 48.02- 49.28] while that of health centers increased from 7.79% [95% CI: 7.16 - 8.42] to 14.28% [95% CI: 11.22- 17.34]. Distribution barriers were the most cited reasons for stock-outs. Ultimately, patients were the most affected: stock-outs resulted in out-of-pocket expenses to buy unavailable medicines, poor adherence to medicine regimes, dissatisfaction, and low service utilization. Conclusion: Community-level stock-out of essential medicines constitutes a serious threat to achieving universal health coverage and equitable improvement of health outcomes. This paper suggests stock-outs are getting worse, and that there are particular barriers at the last mile. There is an urgent need to address the health and non-health system constraints that prevent the essential medicines procured for LMICs by international and national stakeholders from reaching the people who need them the most.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the uptake of cataract surgery and interventions to improve uptake in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0235699
Author(s):  
Eunice Wandia Mailu ◽  
Bhavisha Virendrakumar ◽  
Stevens Bechange ◽  
Emma Jolley ◽  
Elena Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

An Analysis of Factors Associated with Burn Injury Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 442-448
Author(s):  
Caitlin Jacobs ◽  
Jonathan Vacek ◽  
Benjamin Many ◽  
Megan Bouchard ◽  
Fizan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Injury Outcomes ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Perinatal mortality audit: Counting, accountability, and overcoming challenges in scaling up in low- and middle-income countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S113-S122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pattinson ◽  
Kate Kerber ◽  
Peter Waiswa ◽  
Louise T. Day ◽  
Felicity Mussell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Chronic Pediatric Pain in Low and Middle Income Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Walters ◽  
Matthew Kynes ◽  
Jenna Sobey ◽  
Tsitsi Chimhundu-Sithole ◽  
Kelly McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Pediatric Pain ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pediatric Patient Population ◽  
Pain Services ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Chronic pain is a serious health concern and potentially debilitating condition, leading to anxiety, depression, reduced productivity and functionality, and poor quality of life. This condition can be even more detrimental and incapacitating in the pediatric patient population. In low and middle income countries (LMICs), pain services are inadequate or unavailable, leaving most of the world's pediatric population with chronic pain untreated. Many of these children in LMICs are suffering without treatment, and often die in pain. Awareness and advocacy for this population must be prioritized. We reviewed the available literature on the chronic pediatric pain burden in LMICs, barriers to treatments, and current efforts to treat these patients.

scholarly journals Advancing Age in Africa, the Urgent Need for Institutional Geriatric Care in a Low Resource Setting: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kobina Mesi Edzie ◽  
Klenam Dzefi-Tettey ◽  
Philip Narteh Gorleku ◽  
Frank Naku Ghartey ◽  
Madison Adanusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Geriatric Care ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Healthcare Industry ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Low Resource Setting ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: The demand for geriatric care has been on the increase throughout the world, especially in the developing, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), due to increasing life expectancy, improvement in technology in healthcare industry coupled with increasing numbers of healthcare personnel. Nonetheless, these increases in the resources to the healthcare industry are still woefully inadequate in the developing and LMICs, compared to the high demand for such services, thereby exposing the drastic challenges and gaps in geriatric services in these countries. Case Presentation: A 74-year-old woman apparently well, who was relocated from the rural area by her biological daughter, with the intention of giving her better care in a comfortable city environment. She was initially appreciative of the relocation. However, the situation went sour when her daughter and son-in-law resumed work after their annual leave period. They started locking her up in a well-furnished mansion with everything she may need until they returned from work. Consistently for eight working days, she was kept under lock and key because they did not want her to roam around the community, they thought was not familiar to her with the intention of keeping her safe. Everything was fine until they returned from work one day to find that she had soiled the house with her excrement, apparently as a protest against her consistent lock-up. This necessitated their visit to the hospital. A diagnosis of social isolation was made after clinical and mental state examination and appropriate interventions were instituted. The patient consequently became fine in the new environment. Conclusion: This case has been presented in order to emphasize the need to improve the systems for geriatric care which is of public health concern, especially as the life expectancy of the developing, low- and middle-income countries keep improving.

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