scholarly journals High Density Packaging Technology

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Yusaku Nishi ◽  
Kazuo Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Density ◽  
System Level ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Primary Yield ◽  
Chip Carrier ◽  
Multilayer Ceramic ◽  
High Density Packaging

A chip and wire, high density packaging approach has resulted in a low cost, large scale, high density, multi-chip package (MCP). The package includes 76 ICs, 1 resistor, and 34 capacitor chips on a 2 in × 3 in multilayer ceramic substrate (MLS) with 92 I/O leads. The package has a solder-sealed, metal cover over the chip-mount area, and a heat sink on the back side of the MLS.The primary yield was found to be around 70%. The rest was reworked with no significant labour. The software as well as hardware to minimize the test/rework labour would be a key to success in chip and wire MCPs. Also, efforts were made to reduce the material cost and the assembly labour. The thick film MLS was replaced by the ceramic MLS. The wire bonding was automated. Overall efforts reduced package cost to 1.25 times the conventional DIP-on-PCB counterpart (7.5 in × 9.1 in). Estimating its effectiveness at a system level, the reduction in the number of boards, connectors and cables would give MCPs an advantage over their counterparts. The improvement in reliability would be another advantageA comparison with other high density packaging technologies, chip carrier, and chip on tape, is also described.

scholarly journals Recording extracellular neural activity in the behaving monkey using a semichronic and high-density electrode system

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germán Mendoza ◽  
Adrien Peyrache ◽  
Jorge Gámez ◽  
Luis Prado ◽  
György Buzsáki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
High Density ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Different Depths

We describe a technique to semichronically record the cortical extracellular neural activity in the behaving monkey employing commercial high-density electrodes. After the design and construction of low cost microdrives that allow varying the depth of the recording locations after the implantation surgery, we recorded the extracellular unit activity from pools of neurons at different depths in the presupplementary motor cortex (pre-SMA) of a rhesus monkey trained in a tapping task. The collected data were processed to classify cells as putative pyramidal cells or interneurons on the basis of their waveform features. We also demonstrate that short time cross-correlogram occasionally yields unit pairs with high short latency (<5 ms), narrow bin (<3 ms) peaks, indicative of monosynaptic spike transmission from pre- to postsynaptic neurons. These methods have been verified extensively in rodents. Finally, we observed that the pattern of population activity was repetitive over distinct trials of the tapping task. These results show that the semichronic technique is a viable option for the large-scale parallel recording of local circuit activity at different depths in the cortex of the macaque monkey and other large species.

Low Cost and High Density Packaging Technologies for Ultra Small IoT Computing Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Mori ◽  
Toyohiro Aoki ◽  
Eiji Nakamura ◽  
Akihiro Horibe ◽  
Kuniaki Sueoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Density ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
High Density Packaging

scholarly journals High-density multi-fiber photometry for studying large-scale brain circuit dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Sych ◽  
Maria Chernysheva ◽  
Lazar T. Sumanovski ◽  
Fritjof Helmchen
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Density ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Light Modulator ◽  
Brain Circuit ◽  
Fiber Channels

Animal behavior originates from neuronal activity distributed and coordinated across brain-wide networks. However, techniques to assess large-scale brain circuit dynamics in behaving animals remain limited. Here we present compact, high-density arrays of optical fibers that can be chronically implanted into the mammalian brain, enabling multi-fiber photometry as well as optogenetic perturbations across many regions. In mice engaged in a texture discrimination task we achieved simultaneous photometric calcium recordings from networks of 12 to 48 brain regions, including striatal, thalamic, hippocampal, and cortical areas. Furthermore, we optically perturbed specific subsets of regions in VGAT-ChR2 mice by using a spatial light modulator to address the respective fiber channels. Perturbation of ventral thalamic nuclei caused distributed network modulation and behavioral deficits. Finally, we demonstrate multi-fiber photometry in freely moving animals, including simultaneous recordings from two mice during social interaction. Thus, high-density multi-fiber arrays are simple, low-cost, and versatile tools that open novel ways to investigate large-scale brain dynamics during behavior.

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

Building a Culture of Ethical, Comparable, Authentic Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 463-481
Author(s):  
Andrew Reid ◽  
Julie Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Authentic Assessment ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
System Level ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Subject

In an ideal world, assessment should be synonymous with effective learning and reflect the intricacies of the subject area. It should also be aligned with the ideals of education: to provide equitable opportunities for all students to achieve and to allow both appropriate differentiation for varied contexts and students and comparability across various contexts and students. This challenge is made more difficult in circumstances in which the contexts are highly heterogeneous, for example in the state of Queensland, Australia. Assessment in music challenges schooling systems in unique ways because teaching and learning in music are often naturally differentiated and diverse, yet assessment often calls for standardization. While each student and teacher has individual, evolving musical pathways in life, the syllabus and the system require consistency and uniformity. The challenge, then, is to provide diverse, equitable, and quality opportunities for all children to learn and achieve to the best of their abilities. This chapter discusses the designing and implementation of large-scale curriculum as experienced in secondary schools in Queensland, Australia. The experiences detailed explore the possibilities offered through externally moderated school-based assessment. Also discussed is the centrality of system-level clarity of purpose, principles and processes, and the provision of supportive networks and mechanisms to foster autonomy for a diverse range of music educators and contexts. Implications for education systems that desire diversity, equity, and quality are discussed, and the conclusion provokes further conceptualization and action on behalf of students, teachers, and the subject area of music.

scholarly journals Rapid, large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa using 1D MinION sequencing

BMC Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Srivathsan ◽  
Emily Hartop ◽  
Jayanthi Puniamoorthy ◽  
Wan Ting Lee ◽  
Sujatha Narayanan Kutty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Background More than 80% of all animal species remain unknown to science. Most of these species live in the tropics and belong to animal taxa that combine small body size with high specimen abundance and large species richness. For such clades, using morphology for species discovery is slow because large numbers of specimens must be sorted based on detailed microscopic investigations. Fortunately, species discovery could be greatly accelerated if DNA sequences could be used for sorting specimens to species. Morphological verification of such “molecular operational taxonomic units” (mOTUs) could then be based on dissection of a small subset of specimens. However, this approach requires cost-effective and low-tech DNA barcoding techniques because well-equipped, well-funded molecular laboratories are not readily available in many biodiverse countries. Results We here document how MinION sequencing can be used for large-scale species discovery in a specimen- and species-rich taxon like the hyperdiverse fly family Phoridae (Diptera). We sequenced 7059 specimens collected in a single Malaise trap in Kibale National Park, Uganda, over the short period of 8 weeks. We discovered > 650 species which exceeds the number of phorid species currently described for the entire Afrotropical region. The barcodes were obtained using an improved low-cost MinION pipeline that increased the barcoding capacity sevenfold from 500 to 3500 barcodes per flowcell. This was achieved by adopting 1D sequencing, resequencing weak amplicons on a used flowcell, and improving demultiplexing. Comparison with Illumina data revealed that the MinION barcodes were very accurate (99.99% accuracy, 0.46% Ns) and thus yielded very similar species units (match ratio 0.991). Morphological examination of 100 mOTUs also confirmed good congruence with morphology (93% of mOTUs; > 99% of specimens) and revealed that 90% of the putative species belong to the neglected, megadiverse genus Megaselia. We demonstrate for one Megaselia species how the molecular data can guide the description of a new species (Megaselia sepsioides sp. nov.). Conclusions We document that one field site in Africa can be home to an estimated 1000 species of phorids and speculate that the Afrotropical diversity could exceed 200,000 species. We furthermore conclude that low-cost MinION sequencers are very suitable for reliable, rapid, and large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa. MinION sequencing could quickly reveal the extent of the unknown diversity and is especially suitable for biodiverse countries with limited access to capital-intensive sequencing facilities.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Polyaniline Coating on the Modified Fiber Ball and Application for Cr(VI) Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Li Ma ◽  
Guang Tao Fei ◽  
Shao Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Secondary Pollution ◽  
Potential Possibility ◽  
Fiber Ball ◽  
Maximum Removal

Abstract In this study, polyaniline (PANI) is prepared by means of chemical oxidization polymerization and directly loaded on the modified fiber ball (m-FB) to obtain macroscale polyaniline/modified fiber ball (PANI/m-FB) composite, and then its removal ability of Cr(VI) is investigated. The effects of different parameters such as contact time, pH value and initial concentration on Cr(VI) removal efficiency are discussed. The experimental results illustrate that the favorable pH value is 5.0 and the maximum removal capacity is measured to be 293.13 mg g−1. Besides, PANI/m-FB composites can be regenerated and reused after being treated with strong acid. The kinetic study indicates that the adsorption procedure is mainly controlled by chemical adsorption. More importantly, the macroscale of composites can avoid secondary pollution efficiently. Benefiting from the low cost, easy preparation in large scale, environmentally friendly, excellent recycling performance as well as high removal ability, PANI/m-FB composites exhibit a potential possibility to remove Cr(VI) from industrial waste water. Graphic Abstract The polyaniline (PANI) was coated on modified fiber ball (m-FB) to remove Cr(VI) in waste water, and this kind of PANI/m-FB composites can avoid secondary pollution efficiently due to its macrostructure. Furthermore, the removal capacity can reach to 291.13 mg/g and can be multiple reused.

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