Age- and Sex-Related Percentiles of Skinfold Thickness, Waist and Hip Circumference, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio: Results from a Population-Based Pediatric Cohort in Germany (LIFE Child)

Objective: To determine which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable alternative for fat distribution as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Design: Population-based survey carried out in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Subjects and methods: A total of 376 individuals (200 women) with a mean age of 36.5 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.0 (±3.1) kg/m2 underwent various anthropometric and DXA measurements of central (CFM) and peripheral fat mass (PFM). Furthermore, for the assessment of apple-shaped body composition, CFM-to-PFM ratio was calculated. Anthropometric measurements were waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), BMI, waist/length and the skinfold thickness of biceps, triceps, suprailiacal (SI), subscapular (SS) and upper leg. We determined whether equations of combined anthropometrics were even more reliable for the assessment of fat mass. Results: In both women and men, reliable alternatives for CFM are central skinfolds and waist (Pearson’s correlation (r) ≥ 0.8). Peripheral skinfolds are the best predictors of PFM (r ≥ 0.8). In contrast, WHR correlated only marginally with any of the DXA measurements. Equations based on several anthropometric variables correlate with CFM even better (R2 ≥ 0.8). CFM-to-PFM ratio has the highest correlation with the ratio (SS+SI)/BMI in women (r = 0.66) and waist/length in men (r = 0.71). Equations are reasonable alternatives of CFM-to-PFM ratio (R2 ≥ 0.5). Conclusion: Waist and skinfolds are reliable alternatives for the measurement of body fat mass in a cohort of Caucasian adults. WHR is not appropriate for the measurement of fat distribution.

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Subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution and telomere length

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2018-0801 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 1358-1363 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Harald Mangge ◽

Wilfried Renner ◽

Gunter Almer ◽

Hans-Jürgen Gruber ◽

Sieglinde Zelzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Body Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Background Overweight and obese individuals have a reduced life expectancy due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, stroke and cancer. Systemic inflammation and premature telomere shortening have been discussed as potential mechanisms linking these conditions. We investigated the relation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) distribution to leukocyte relative telomere length (RTL). Methods We measured RTL in 375 participants of the observational STYJOBS/EDECTA cohort (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00482924) using a qPCR based method. SAT distribution was determined by lipometry yielding a percent body fat value and SAT thicknesses at 15 standardized locations across the entire body. A correlation analysis between RTL, age, sex, lipometry data and conventional body measures (body mass index [BMI], waist-, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio) was calculated. The strongest determinants of RTL were determined by a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results RTL was not associated with age or sex. RTL was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, percent body fat, waist-, hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Furthermore, RTL correlated with SAT at the following locations: neck, triceps, biceps, upper back, front chest, lateral chest, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, lower back, hip, front thigh, lateral thigh, rear thigh and calf. Stepwise regression analysis revealed nuchal and hip SAT as the strongest predictors of RTL. No significant association was seen between RTL and waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusions RTL is negatively associated with parameters describing body fat composure. Nuchal and hip SAT thicknesses are the strongest predictors of RTL. Central obesity appears to correlate with premature genomic aging.

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Adiposity indices in the prediction of insulin resistance in prepubertal Colombian children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001200393x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 248-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Noel T Mueller ◽

Mark A Pereira ◽

Adriana Buitrago-Lopez ◽

Diana C Rodríguez ◽

Alvaro E Duran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Prepubertal Children ◽

Stepwise Selection ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Age And Sex

AbstractObjectiveTo compare BMI with abdominal skinfold thickness (ASF), waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in the prediction of insulin resistance (IR) in prepubertal Colombian children.DesignWe calculated age- and sex-specific Z-scores for BMI, ASF, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and three other skinfold-thickness sites. Logistic regression with stepwise selection (P = 0·80 for entry and P = 0·05 for retention) was performed to identify predictors of IR and extreme IR, which were determined by age- and sex-specific Z-scores to identify the ≥ 90th and ≥ 95th percentile of homeostasis model assessment (HOMAIR), respectively. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to compare the area under the curve between models.SettingBucaramanga, Colombia.SubjectsChildren (n 1261) aged 6–10 years in Tanner stage 1 from a population-based study.ResultsA total of 127 children (seventy girls and fifty-seven boys) were classified with IR, including sixty-three children (thirty-three girls and thirty boys) classified with extreme IR. Only ASF and BMI Z-scores were retained as predictors of IR by stepwise selection. Adding ASF Z-score to BMI Z-score improved the area under the curve from 0·794 (95 % CI 0·752, 0·837) to 0·811 (95 % CI 0·770, 0·851; P for contrast = 0·01). In predicting extreme IR, the addition of ASF Z-score to BMI Z-score improved the area under the curve from 0·837 (95 % CI 0·790, 0·884) to 0·864 (95 % CI 0·823, 0·905; P for contrast = 0·01).ConclusionsASF Z-score predicted IR independent of BMI Z-score in our population of prepubertal children. ASF and BMI Z-scores together improved IR risk stratification compared with BMI Z-score alone, opening new perspectives in the prediction of cardiometabolic risk in prepubertal children.

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Skinfold thickness, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and waist to height ratio as a predictors measurements of common diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and vitamin D deficiency

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2020.5.1.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 073-078

Author(s):

Elhisadi Tawfeg Awad ◽

Alsheikh Malak Abd-alhamid ◽

Elgaithy Eman Ibrahem

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Body Mass ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Common Diseases ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

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Association of eating patterns and abdominal adiposity in Brazilian

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-98652017000600010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 783-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danielle Cristina Guimarães da SILVA ◽

Kelly Aparecida da Cunha PEREIRA ◽

Wellington SEGHETO ◽

Fabrícia Geralda FERREIRA ◽

Kátia Josiany SEGHETO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eating Patterns ◽

Abdominal Adiposity ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the relationship between dietary patterns and abdominal adiposity among adults living in the urban area of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study of 959 adults of both sexes. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and dietary intake was collected through questionnaires. Abdominal adiposity was evaluated using waist circumference and the anthropometric indices waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Food patterns were identified by factor analysis. Poisson regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results Abdominal adiposity was identified by waist circumference in 59.06% (95%CI=52.77–65.08) of the sample, by waist-to-hip ratio in 54.65% (95%CI=47.92–61.21), and by waist-to-height ratio in 9% (95%CI=54.61–69.03). Two dietary patterns, named as traditional Brazilian and bar, were identified in the sample, but only the latter was statistically associated with abdominal adiposity determined by the three parameters. Conclusion The study identified two eating patterns in the population, a healthy and an unhealthy pattern, the latter being associated with greater odds of abdominal adiposity. Thus, it is important to take measures to reverse this trend.

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The Influence of Anthropometric Indices and Intermediary Determinants of Hypertension in Bangladesh

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115646 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5646

Author(s):

Sally Sonia Simmons ◽

John Elvis Hagan ◽

Thomas Schack

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Mass ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Anthropometric Indices ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

Hypertension is a major public health burden in Bangladesh. However, studies considering the underlying multifaceted risk factors of this health condition are sparse. The present study concurrently examines anthropometric parameters and intermediary factors influencing hypertension risk in Bangladesh. Using the 2018 World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) study conducted in Bangladesh and involving 8019 nationally representative adult respondents, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between anthropometrics, other intermediary factors and hypertension. The regression results were presented using the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk of hypertension was higher among females and males who were 40 years and older. However, among females, those who were age 60 years and older were more than twice and thrice more likely to be hypertensive compared to those in the younger age groups (18–39, 40–59). Females who were obese (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]) or had high waist circumference [WC] were twice as likely to be hypertensive. Males and females who were physically active, consuming more fruits and vegetables daily and educated had lower odds of developing hypertension. Key findings suggest that the association between anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]), waist circumference [WC]), other intermediary determinants (e.g., education, physical activity) and hypertension exist across gender and with increasing age among adults in Bangladesh. Developing appropriate public health interventions (e.g., regular assessment of anthropometric parameters) for early identification of the risk and pattern of hypertension through appropriate screening and diagnosis is required to meet the specific health needs of the adult Bangladesh population.

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Optimal cutoff values for anthropometric indices of obesity as discriminators of metabolic abnormalities in Korea: results from a Health Examinees study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10490-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sooyoung Cho ◽

Aesun Shin ◽

Ji-Yeob Choi ◽

Sang Min Park ◽

Daehee Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Mass ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Optimal Cutoff ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Conicity Index

Abstract Background Obesity is well known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the performance of and the optimal cutoff values for obesity indices to discriminate the presence of metabolic abnormalities as a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in a Health Examinees study (HEXA). Methods The current study analyzed 134,195 participants with complete anthropometric and laboratory information in a Health Examinees study, consisting of the Korean population aged 40 to 69 years. The presence of metabolic abnormality was defined as having at least one of the following: hypertension, hyperglycemia, or dyslipidemia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and conicity index. Results The AUC of metabolic abnormalities was the highest for waist-to-height ratio (AUC [95% CIs], 0.677 [0.672–0.683] among men; 0.691 [0.687–0.694] among women), and the lowest for the C index (0.616 [0.611–0.622] among men; 0.645 [0.641–0.649] among women) among both men and women. The optimal cutoff values were 24.3 kg/m2 for the body mass index, 0.887 for the waist-to-hip ratio, 0.499 for the waist-to-height ratio, 84.4 cm for waist circumference and 1.20 m3/2/kg1/2 for the conicity index among men, and 23.4 kg/m2 for the body mass index, 0.832 for the waist-to-hip ratio, 0.496 for the waist-to-height ratio, 77.0 cm for the waist circumference and 1.18 m3/2/kg1/2 for the conicity index among women. Conclusion The waist-to-height ratio is the best index to discriminate metabolic abnormalities among middle-aged Koreans. The optimal cutoff of obesity indices is lower than the international guidelines for obesity. It would be appropriate to use the indices for abdominal obesity rather than general obesity and to consider a lower level of body mass index and waist circumference than the current guidelines to determine obesity-related health problems in Koreans.

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METABOLICALLY HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY OBESITY IN CHILDREN FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE

Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal ◽

10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):255-267 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 255-267

Author(s):

V. Furdela ◽

I. Smiian ◽

M. Furdela

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

High Risk ◽

School Age ◽

Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Metabolically Healthy

Introduction. Childhood obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities is a major global health concern. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that confers a substantial increase in cardiovascular disease risk. In the context of the childhood obesity pandemic, a distinct subgroup of youth with obesity less prone to the development of metabolic disturbances, called “metabolically healthy obese” (MHO), recently has come into focus. However, the diagnostic criteria of both conditions are still controversial in children. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in school-age boys using international reference standards and to recognize the most sensitive metabolic markers. Materials and methods. This study was carried out at the Ternopil regional hospital (Western Ukraine) and involved randomly chosen 112 boys from rural and urban population; aged 10–17 years (mean ± SD, 14.6 ± 0.25). Height, weight and waist and hip circumferences were measured by standard methods in each patient. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated by common formulas. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 2SD for age and gender. Blood pressure was measured and estimated according to European Society of Hypertension guidelines (2016). Biomarkers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were tested. Discussion. The study identified prominent physical and metabolic differences in groups of patients with MHO and manifested MS, as well as in the high-risk group for the realization of MS. As a result of this project, MHO and MS were confirmed in 49.11 % and 9.82 % surveyed boys, respectively. The rest of teenagers (32.14 %) based on metabolic disturbances, formed a cluster of the high-risk realization of MS. Moreover, fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance were identified only in patients with manifested MS in 10.91 % and 5.45 % cases, respectively. It was found that the waist-to-height ratio > 0.5 is an informative test of obesity in general, and the waist-to-hip ratio > 0.9 is a sensitive screening tool for abdominal obesity in boys in our population. Based on the results, the triglyceride index is the most sensitive biomarker of insulin resistance compared to triglyceride-to-high density lipids cholesterol ratio and atherogenic coefficient in school-age boys. The results can be applied in pediatric practice for early identification of patients with metabolically unhealthy obesity with WHR and the triglyceride index at the early preclinical stage of MS manifestation. Keywords children, metabolically healthy obesity, metabolic syndrome, triglyceride index.

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