scholarly journals Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model

Intervirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Maryam Mollaei Alamuti ◽  
Mehrdad Ravanshad ◽  
Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh ◽  
Arezoo Nabizadeh ◽  
Elham Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Stimulation Index ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Proliferation Assay ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Poliovirus causes paralysis by infecting the nervous system. Currently, 2 types of polio vaccine are given in many countries in polio eradication program including inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). Because of OPV-related paralysis, OPV should be replaced by IPV. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The aim of this study was to prepare the gamma-irradiated IPV and determine its effectiveness compared with the commercial vaccine (OPV) in the mouse model. The virus titration of OPV was determined and then inactivated by the appropriate dose of gamma radiation into an irradiated vaccine formula. The vaccine was inoculated in BALB/c mice in 2 different formulations of intramuscular injection with 2-week intervals. The level of anti-polio-neutralizing antibody and polio-specific splenocyte proliferation assay were evaluated by collecting the blood samples and spleens of the vaccinated groups with conventional vaccine and irradiated vaccine. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a significant increase in the neutralizing antibody titration between all of the vaccinated groups and negative control group (A) (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). And it shows that the IPV by gamma irradiation has the highest antibody titration. Also, the increasing of stimulation index value in the B* group, F group, and G group was the most against other groups. Furthermore, the neutralizing anti-serum titer and splenic lymphocyte proliferation assay show humoral and cellular immunity were significantly increased in the irradiated vaccine group as compared with conventional group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> According to the results, gamma-irradiated IPV could induce humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated mouse groups, so the irradiated poliovirus could be recommended as a good candidate vaccine to prevent the transport of poliovirus to the central nervous system and thus protect against paralysis.

scholarly journals Competent immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in older adults following mRNA vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Jergović ◽  
Jennifer L. Uhrlaub ◽  
Makiko Watanabe ◽  
Christine M. Bradshaw ◽  
Lisa M. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Receptor Repertoire ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Repertoire Diversity ◽  
Antibody Titers

Aging is associated with a reduced magnitude of primary immune responses to vaccination and constriction of immune receptor repertoire diversity. Clinical trials demonstrate high efficacy of mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults but concerns about virus variant escape have not been well addressed. We have conducted an in-depth analysis of humoral and cellular immunity against an early-pandemic viral isolate and compared that to the P.1. (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants, as well to a B.1.595 SARS-CoV-2 isolate bearing Spike mutation E484Q, in <55 and >65 age cohorts of mRNA vaccine recipients. As reported, robust immunity required the second dose of vaccine. Older vaccine recipients exhibited an expected 3-5x reduction (but not a complete loss) in neutralizing antibody titers against both P.1. (Gamma) and the B.1.595 virus at the peak of the boosted response. However, older vaccinees manifest robust cellular immunity against early-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and more recent variants, which remained statistically comparable to the adult group. While the duration of these immune responses remains to be determined over longer periods of time, these results provide reasons for optimism regarding vaccine protection of older adults against SARS-CoV-2 variants and inform thinking about boost vaccination with variant vaccines.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM SYSTEMIC VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Worthington ◽  
A. S. Rabson ◽  
S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Vaccinia Virus Infection ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Immune Spleen Cells

Administration of Cytoxan in doses capable of inhibiting both humoral and cellular immunity markedly potentiated primary systemic vaccinia virus infection in mice. Immunosuppressed mice did not form neutralizing antibody to vaccinia virus and had a prolonged and more severe viremia than nonimmunosuppressed control mice. Passive transfer of physiologic amounts of neutralizing antibody late in the course of infection, at a time when nonimmunosuppressed mice had similar levels of serum antibody, largely reversed the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection. Transfer of 100 million immune spleen cells was much less effective than antibody in reversing the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection, and mice receiving these cells did make some antibody. Serum interferon levels were not affected by Cytoxan. The results suggest an essential role for humoral antibody, but not for cellular immunity, in recovery from primary vaccinia virus infection in the mouse.

scholarly journals Control of Central Nervous System Viral Persistence by Neutralizing Antibody

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 4670-4678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandran Ramakrishna ◽  
Cornelia C. Bergmann ◽  
Roscoe Atkinson ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Mouse Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT Replication of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus within the central nervous system is controlled by cellular immunity. However, following initial clearance, virus reactivates in the absence of humoral immunity. Viral recrudescence is prevented by the transfer of antiviral antibody (Ab). To characterize the specificity and biological functions of Ab critical for maintaining viral persistence, monoclonal Abs specific for the viral spike, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins were transferred into infected B-cell-deficient mice following initial virus clearance. Neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) but not IgA anti-spike Ab suppressed virus recrudescence, reduced viral antigen in most cell types except oligodendroglia, and was associated with reduced demyelination. Nonneutralizing monoclonal Abs specific for the spike, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins did not prevent recrudescence, demonstrating that neutralization is critical for maintaining JHM mouse hepatitis virus persistence within the central nervous system. Ab-mediated protection was not associated with alterations in virus-specific T-cell function or inflammation. Furthermore, neutralizing Ab delayed but did not prevent virus recrudescence. These data indicate that following acute viral clearance cellular immunity is ineffective in controlling virus recrudescence and suggest that the continued presence of neutralizing Ab is the essential effector in maintaining viral persistence within the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at 6 months post BNT162b2 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Kato ◽  
Kei Miyakawa ◽  
Norihisa Ohtake ◽  
Yutaro Yamaoka ◽  
Satoshi Yajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Elispot Assay ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Counts

To evaluate vaccine-induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity at 6 months post BNT162b2 vaccination, immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP IgG), 50% neutralizing antibody (NT50), and spot-forming cell (SFC) counts were evaluated by interferon-γ releasing ELISpot assay of 98 healthy subjects (median age, 43 years). The geometric mean titers of SP IgG and NT50 decreased from 95.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.8-113.4) to 5.7 (95% CI 4.9-6.7) and from 680.4 (588.0-787.2) to 130.4 (95% CI 104.2-163.1), respectively, at 3 weeks and 6 months after the vaccination. SP IgG titer was negatively correlated with age and alcohol consumption. Spot-forming cell counts at 6 months did not correlate with age, gender, and other parameters of the patients. SP IgG, NT50, and SFC titers were elevated in the breakthrough infected subjects. Although the levels of vaccine-induced antibodies dramatically declined at 6 months after vaccination, a certain degree of cellular immunity was observed irrespective of the age.

scholarly journals Longitudinal characterization of humoral and cellular immunity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveal immune persistence up to 9 months after infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tyler Sandberg ◽  
Renata Varnaitė ◽  
Wanda Christ ◽  
Puran Chen ◽  
Jagadeeswara R. Muvva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Responses

AbstractBackgroundInsights into early, specific humoral and cellular responses to infection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the persistence and magnitude of resulting immune memory is important amidst the ongoing pandemic. The combination of humoral and cellular immunity will most likely contribute to protection from reinfection or severe disease.MethodsHere, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalized moderate and severe COVID-19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at five- and nine-months post symptom onset. Utilizing flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune memory during and after human SARS-CoV-2 infection.FindingsDuring acute COVID-19, we observed an increase in germinal center activity, a substantial expansion of antibodysecreting cells, and the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralizing antibody titers as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at five- and nine-months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. Long-term SARS-CoV-2 specific responses were marked by preferential targeting of spike over nucleocapsid protein.ConclusionsOur findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 specific immunological memory in hospitalized COVID-19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of the cytokine genes (H4, ИМ) and peculiarities of immune response depending on the control over atopic bronchial asthma in children

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
M V Smolnikova ◽  
S V Smirnova ◽  
O S Tyutina ◽  
S V Bychkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Cytokine Genes ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Atopic Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Cell Counts

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate the main indices of humoral and cellular immunity, the levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNFa) and polymorphism of promoter regions of cytokine genes (IL4 and IL10) in children with atopic bronchial asthma (ABA) with different levels of disease control. Methods. We have analyzed 110 children with ABA - controlled (CABA, n=59) and uncontrolled (UABA, n=51) and healthy children (control group, n=52). Parameters of cellular immunity were determined by fluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies to surface receptors. Parameters of humoral immunity and cytokine levels in the samples of serum were measured by ELISA. Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL4 (С-590Т) and IL10 (С597А) genes was performed by PCR. Results. The level of TNFa and the relative amount of CD8+ cells was increased, while the counts of CD3+ cells and the relative amount of CD4+ cells was decreased in UABA as compared to CABA. In CABA, lower concentration of the IL-10 in serum associated with the IL10 A-597 allele was observed. The IL4 T-590 allele tends to be associated with non-controlled ABA. Conclusion. The level of TNFa, and the CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts were identified as markers of uncontrolled course of ABA in children. Polymorphic variants of IL4 and IL10 genes can be considered as candidate markers of uncontrolled ABA.

scholarly journals Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Response to Type 1 Polio Virus on Healthy Infants Receiving either Oral Monovalen Polio Vaccine Type 1 or Oral Trivalen Polio Vaccine Given with Basic DTP/Hb Immunization

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Edim Hartati ◽  
Ismoedijanto Ismoedijanto ◽  
Soegeng Soegijanto
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Vaccine Type

In March 2005, there was outbreak of Polio-1 and expanded throughout Java and Sumatera island. Oral monovalent polio vaccinetype 1 (mOPV1) had succeeded in evereeming polio outbreak in Indonesia in 2005. This study aimed to compare neutralizing antibodyresponse to type 1 polio virus in healthy infants receiving either mOPV1 or oral trivalent Polio Vaccine (tOPV), given with other basicvaccination (DTP/HB). Randomized controlled singel blind clinical trial on healthy infants range age 42 to 80 days who had receivedfirst oral polio vaccine before 1 month of age. Trial group received mOPV1 and control group tOPV, each had 3 times of vaccination.Blood samples were taken three times (pre vaccination, post second and third vaccination) for measurement of neutralizing antibody topolio virus. Thirty subjects from mOPV1 group and 29 from tOPV group were analyzed. Post second vaccination, mOPV1 group (456)had more increase in geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibody than tOPV group (317) but not significant (p=0.514). Post thirdvaccination the level of neutralizing antibody titer was almost equal in both groups. Proportion of seroconversion to type 1 polio virusin mOPV1 group 53.9%, 57.7% and tOPV group 25.9%, 41.7% (on second and third evaluation respectively), both were statisticallyinsignificant. Antibody response measured by neutralizing antibody titer and proportion of seroconversion on antibody to type 1 poliovirus in healthy infants receiving mOPV1 vaccination was similar to they receiving tOPV.

Condition of the psychoemotional and vegetative status at women with a repeated placental dysfuction

2016 ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
D.A. Govseev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vegetative Nervous System ◽  
Previous Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Dysfunction ◽  
Vegetative Status

The objective: studying of features of the psychoemotional and vegetative status at women with placental dysfunction at the previous pregnancy. Patients and methods. Complex clinical-laboratory examination of 89 women, from which was conducted: control group – 42 obstetrically and somatically healthy multipara, delivery through natural patrimonial ways; І group – 47 women with placental dysfunction at the previous pregnancy. Carried out a cardiointervalografia by means of a single-channel electrocardiograph and used a scale questionnaire of a condition of the pregnant woman. Results. It is established that regulation of cardiac rhythm at women at the previous pregnancy happens to placental dysfunction in the conditions of an autonomous contour which controls normal work of heart and vegetative nervous system. Further, there is an expressed strain of regulatory mechanisms that is shown by centralization of management of cardiac activity and sharp rising of activity of sympathetic nervous system. At the final stage influence of the central contour considerably decreases and patofunctionale vegetative equilibrium is again formed. Conclusions. The received results need to be considered when developing tactics of conducting pregnancy at these women. Key words: placental dysfunction, vegetative and psychological status.

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