scholarly journals Vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at 6 months post BNT162b2 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Kato ◽  
Kei Miyakawa ◽  
Norihisa Ohtake ◽  
Yutaro Yamaoka ◽  
Satoshi Yajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Elispot Assay ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Counts

To evaluate vaccine-induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity at 6 months post BNT162b2 vaccination, immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP IgG), 50% neutralizing antibody (NT50), and spot-forming cell (SFC) counts were evaluated by interferon-γ releasing ELISpot assay of 98 healthy subjects (median age, 43 years). The geometric mean titers of SP IgG and NT50 decreased from 95.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.8-113.4) to 5.7 (95% CI 4.9-6.7) and from 680.4 (588.0-787.2) to 130.4 (95% CI 104.2-163.1), respectively, at 3 weeks and 6 months after the vaccination. SP IgG titer was negatively correlated with age and alcohol consumption. Spot-forming cell counts at 6 months did not correlate with age, gender, and other parameters of the patients. SP IgG, NT50, and SFC titers were elevated in the breakthrough infected subjects. Although the levels of vaccine-induced antibodies dramatically declined at 6 months after vaccination, a certain degree of cellular immunity was observed irrespective of the age.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac boosters in fully vaccinated individuals with CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2: A Longitudinal Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Füsun Can ◽  
Zeynep Ece Kuloğlu ◽  
Rojbin El ◽  
Gülen Esken ◽  
Yeşim Tok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Elispot Assay ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels

Objective: There is a need for the immunogenicity of different boosters after widely used inactivated vaccine regimens. We aimed to determine the effects of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac boosters on the humoral and cellular immunity of individuals who had two doses of CoronaVac vaccination. Methods: The study was conducted in three centers (Koc University Hospital, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Hospital, and Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School Hospital) in Istanbul. Individuals who had two doses of CoronaVac and no history of COVID-19 were included. The baseline blood samples were collected three to five months after two doses of CoronaVac. Follow-up samples were taken one and three months after third doses of CoronaVac or one dose of mRNA BNT162b2 boosters. Neutralizing antibody titers were detected by plaque reduction assay. T cell responses were evaluated by Elispot assay and flow cytometry. Results: We found a 3.38-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers (Geometric Mean Titer [GMT], 78.69) one month after BNT162b2 booster and maintained at the three months (GMT, 80). However, in the CoronaVac group, significantly lower GMTs than BNT162b2 after 1 month and 3 months (21.44 and 28.44, respectively) indicated the weak immunogenicity of the CoronaVac booster (p<0.001). In the ELISpot assay, IL-2 levels after BNT162b2 were higher than baseline and CoronaVac booster (p<0.001) and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher than baseline (P<0.001). The CD8+CD38+CD69+ and CD4+CD38+CD69+ T cells were stimulated significantly at the 3 month of the BNT162b2 boosters. Conclusion: The neutralizing antibody levels after three months of the BNT162b2 booster were higher than the antibody levels after CoronaVac. On the other hand, specific T cells might contribute to immune protection. By considering the waning immunity, we suggest a new booster dose with BNT162b2 for the countries that already have two doses of primary CoronaVac regimens.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in COVID-19 convalescent individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunbao Pan ◽  
Xianghu Jiang ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Liangjun Chen ◽  
Xiaojiao Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cell ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Antigen Peptide ◽  
Discharged Patients ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractWe collected blood from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals and investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in these discharged patients. Follow-up analysis in a cohort of 171 patients at 4–11 months after the onset revealed high levels of IgG antibodies. A total of 78.1% (164/210) of the specimens tested positive for neutralizing antibody (NAb). SARS-CoV-2 antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 and -IFN-γ response can distinguish COVID-19 convalescent individuals from healthy donors. Interestingly, NAb survival was significantly affected by the antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 response, -IL-8 response, and -IFN-γ response. The antigen peptide pools-activated CD8+ T cell counts were correlated with NAb. The antigen peptide pools-activated natural killer (NK) cell counts in convalescent individuals were correlated with NAb and disease severity. Our data suggested that the development of NAb is associated with the activation of T cells and NK cells. Our work provides a basis for further analysis of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. It also has implications for the development of an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Competent immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in older adults following mRNA vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Jergović ◽  
Jennifer L. Uhrlaub ◽  
Makiko Watanabe ◽  
Christine M. Bradshaw ◽  
Lisa M. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Receptor Repertoire ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Repertoire Diversity ◽  
Antibody Titers

Aging is associated with a reduced magnitude of primary immune responses to vaccination and constriction of immune receptor repertoire diversity. Clinical trials demonstrate high efficacy of mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults but concerns about virus variant escape have not been well addressed. We have conducted an in-depth analysis of humoral and cellular immunity against an early-pandemic viral isolate and compared that to the P.1. (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants, as well to a B.1.595 SARS-CoV-2 isolate bearing Spike mutation E484Q, in <55 and >65 age cohorts of mRNA vaccine recipients. As reported, robust immunity required the second dose of vaccine. Older vaccine recipients exhibited an expected 3-5x reduction (but not a complete loss) in neutralizing antibody titers against both P.1. (Gamma) and the B.1.595 virus at the peak of the boosted response. However, older vaccinees manifest robust cellular immunity against early-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and more recent variants, which remained statistically comparable to the adult group. While the duration of these immune responses remains to be determined over longer periods of time, these results provide reasons for optimism regarding vaccine protection of older adults against SARS-CoV-2 variants and inform thinking about boost vaccination with variant vaccines.

scholarly journals Early immune response in mice immunized with a semi-split inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 containing S protein-free particles and subunit S protein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Petráš ◽  
Petr Lesný ◽  
Jan Musil ◽  
Radomíra Limberková ◽  
Alžběta Pátíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immune Cell Response ◽  
Th1 And Th2 Lymphocytes

AbstractThe development of a vaccine against COVID-19 is a hot topic for many research laboratories all over the world. Our aim was to design a semi-split inactivated vaccine offering a wide range of multi-epitope determinants important for the immune system including not only the spike (S) protein but also the envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. We designed a semi-split vaccine prototype consisting of S protein-depleted viral particles and free S protein. Next, we investigated its immunogenic potential in BALB/c mice. The animals were immunized intradermally or intramuscularly with the dose adjusted with buffer or addition of aluminum hydroxide, respectively. The antibody response was evaluated by plasma analysis at 7 days after the first or second dose. The immune cell response was studied by flow cytometry analysis of splenocytes. The data showed a very early onset of both S protein-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies at 90% inhibition regardless of the route of vaccine administration. However, significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies were detected in the intradermally (geometric mean titer - GMT of 7.8 ± 1.4) than in the intramuscularly immunized mice (GMT of 6.2 ± 1.5). In accordance with this, stimulation of cellular immunity by the semi-split vaccine was suggested by elevated levels of B and T lymphocyte subpopulations in the murine spleens. These responses were more predominant in the intradermally immunized mice compared with the intramuscular route of administration. The upward trend in the levels of plasmablasts, memory B cells, Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, including follicular helper T cells, was confirmed even in mice receiving the vaccine intradermally at a dose of 0.5 μg.We demonstrated that the semi-split vaccine is capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity early after vaccination. Our prototype thus represents a promising step toward the development of an efficient anti-COVID-19 vaccine for human use.

scholarly journals Establishment of an ELISpot Assay to Detect Cellular Immunity against S. pneumoniae in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Recipients

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1438
Author(s):  
Anja Gäckler ◽  
Nils Mülling ◽  
Kim Völk ◽  
Benjamin Wilde ◽  
Ute Eisenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Elispot Assay ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients

In organ transplant recipients, the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases is 25 times greater than in the general population. Vaccination against S. pneumoniae is recommended in this cohort because it reduces the incidence of this severe form of pneumococcal infection. Previous studies indicate that transplant recipients can produce specific antibodies after pneumococcal vaccination. However, it remains unclear if vaccination also induces specific cellular immunity. In the current study on 38 kidney transplant recipients, we established an interferon-γ ELISpot assay that can detect serotype-specific cellular responses against S. pneumoniae. The results indicate that sequential vaccination with the conjugated vaccine Prevenar 13 and the polysaccharide vaccine Pneumovax 23 led to an increase of serotype-specific cellular immunity. We observed the strongest responses against the serotypes 9N and 14, which are both components of Pneumovax 23. Cellular responses against S. pneumoniae correlated positively with specific IgG antibodies (r = 0.32, p = 0.12). In conclusion, this is the first report indicating that kidney transplant recipients can mount specific cellular responses after pneumococcal vaccination. The ELISpot we established will allow for further investigations. These could help to define, for example, factors influencing specific cellular immunity in immunocompromised cohorts or the duration of cellular immunity after vaccination.

scholarly journals Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model

Intervirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Maryam Mollaei Alamuti ◽  
Mehrdad Ravanshad ◽  
Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh ◽  
Arezoo Nabizadeh ◽  
Elham Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Stimulation Index ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Proliferation Assay ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Poliovirus causes paralysis by infecting the nervous system. Currently, 2 types of polio vaccine are given in many countries in polio eradication program including inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). Because of OPV-related paralysis, OPV should be replaced by IPV. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The aim of this study was to prepare the gamma-irradiated IPV and determine its effectiveness compared with the commercial vaccine (OPV) in the mouse model. The virus titration of OPV was determined and then inactivated by the appropriate dose of gamma radiation into an irradiated vaccine formula. The vaccine was inoculated in BALB/c mice in 2 different formulations of intramuscular injection with 2-week intervals. The level of anti-polio-neutralizing antibody and polio-specific splenocyte proliferation assay were evaluated by collecting the blood samples and spleens of the vaccinated groups with conventional vaccine and irradiated vaccine. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a significant increase in the neutralizing antibody titration between all of the vaccinated groups and negative control group (A) (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). And it shows that the IPV by gamma irradiation has the highest antibody titration. Also, the increasing of stimulation index value in the B* group, F group, and G group was the most against other groups. Furthermore, the neutralizing anti-serum titer and splenic lymphocyte proliferation assay show humoral and cellular immunity were significantly increased in the irradiated vaccine group as compared with conventional group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> According to the results, gamma-irradiated IPV could induce humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated mouse groups, so the irradiated poliovirus could be recommended as a good candidate vaccine to prevent the transport of poliovirus to the central nervous system and thus protect against paralysis.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM SYSTEMIC VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Worthington ◽  
A. S. Rabson ◽  
S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Vaccinia Virus Infection ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Immune Spleen Cells

Administration of Cytoxan in doses capable of inhibiting both humoral and cellular immunity markedly potentiated primary systemic vaccinia virus infection in mice. Immunosuppressed mice did not form neutralizing antibody to vaccinia virus and had a prolonged and more severe viremia than nonimmunosuppressed control mice. Passive transfer of physiologic amounts of neutralizing antibody late in the course of infection, at a time when nonimmunosuppressed mice had similar levels of serum antibody, largely reversed the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection. Transfer of 100 million immune spleen cells was much less effective than antibody in reversing the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection, and mice receiving these cells did make some antibody. Serum interferon levels were not affected by Cytoxan. The results suggest an essential role for humoral antibody, but not for cellular immunity, in recovery from primary vaccinia virus infection in the mouse.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Humoral and Cellular Immunity to Influenza Viruses in Preschool Children Living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Dembinski ◽  
Adane Mihret ◽  
Solomon A. Yimer ◽  
Bamlak Tessema ◽  
Mai-Chi Trieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Background Influenza in children who reside in tropical and subtropical regions has until recently been regarded as insignificant. However, new evidence suggests that it significantly impacts hospitalization and promotes secondary bacterial coinfections. Ethiopia is situated in a subtropical area where influenza viruses are likely to circulate year round. Methods Clinical data were recorded in a cohort of 103 healthy preschool children recruited in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza virus were determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Results Ninety-six percent of the children (2–5 years old) had pre-existing HI antibody responses to 1 or more of the circulating influenza A subtypes, H1N1 (51%), H3N2 (86%), or influenza B (51%) strains. At the age of 4, all children had been infected with at least 1 strain, and 75% had been infected with 2–4 different viral strains. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against conserved viral antigens increased with repeated exposures, indicating boosting of cross-reactive cellular immunity. Malnutrition did not seem to affect these immune responses to influenza. Conclusions Influenza is highly prevalent among children in this area of Ethiopia. Due to the risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia, increased influenza awareness might benefit child health.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Formica ◽  
Raburn Mallory ◽  
Gary Albert ◽  
Michelle Robinson ◽  
Joyce Plested ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Regimen ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type

Background NVX CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant. Methods The phase 2 component of our randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial was designed to identify which dosing regimen of NVX-CoV2373 should move forward into late phase studies in younger (18-59 years) and older (60-84 years) participants and was based on immunogenicity and safety data through day 35 (14 days after the second dose). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either one or two intramuscular doses of 5-microgram or 25-microgram NVX-CoV2373 or placebo, 21 days apart. Primary endpoints were immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike protein response, 7 day solicited reactogenicity, and unsolicited adverse events. A key secondary endpoint was wild type virus neutralizing antibody response. Results After randomization, approximately 250 participants each were assigned to one of four vaccine groups or placebo. Of these, approximately 45% were older participants. Reactogenicity was predominantly mild to moderate in severity and of short duration (median <3 days) after first and second vaccination with NVX-CoV2373, with higher frequencies and intensity after second vaccination and with the higher dose, and occurred less frequently and was of lower intensity in older participants. The two-dose regimen of 5-microgram NVX-CoV2373 induced robust geometric mean titer (GMT) IgG anti-spike protein (65,019 and 28,137 EU/mL) and wild-type virus neutralizing antibody (2201 and 981 titers) responses in younger and older participants, respectively, with seroconversion rates of 100% in both age groups. Neutralizing antibody responses exceeded those seen in convalescent sera for both age groups. Conclusions The study confirmed that the two-dose regimen of 5 microgram NVX CoV2373 is highly immunogenic and well tolerated in both younger and older participants. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT04368988).

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