scholarly journals Cortical Hyper-Connectivity in a Stroke Patient with Rotated Drawing

2021 ◽  
pp. 677-686
Author(s):  
Valentina Sebastiani ◽  
Piero Chiacchiaretta ◽  
Luigi Pavone ◽  
Antonio Sparano ◽  
Giovanni Grillea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Complex Figure ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Task Irrelevant

In the present case report, we investigated the cortical networks of a patient (DDA) affected by right parietal stroke who showed a constructional phenomenon, in which when coping and recalling from memory a complex figure, the model was reproduced rotated of 90° along the vertical axis. Previous studies suggested that rotation on copy is associated with visuospatial impairments and abnormalities in parietal cortex, whereas rotation on recall might be related to executive deficits and dysfunction of frontal regions. Here, we computed the DDA’s resting-state functional connectivity (FC) derived from cortical regions of the dorsal attention (DAN) and the frontal portion of the executive-control network (fECN), which are involved in the control of visuospatial attention and multiple executive functions, respectively. We observed that, as compared to a control group of right stroke patients without drawing rotation, DDA exhibited selective increased FC of the DAN and fECN, but not of task-irrelevant language network, within the undamaged hemisphere. These patterns might reflect a pathological communication in such networks leading to impaired attentional and executive operations required to reproduce the model in the correct orientation. Notably, such enhancement of FC was not detected in a patient with a comparable neuropsychological profile as DDA, yet without rotated drawing, suggesting that network-specific modulations in DDA might be ascribed to the constructional phenomenon of rotated drawing.

Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
J. B. Savitz ◽  
P. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Mainstream School ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

Predicting progression in the late onset frontal lobe syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora T. Gossink ◽  
Everard Vijverberg ◽  
Welmoed Krudop ◽  
Philip Scheltens ◽  
Max L. Stek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Stereotypical Behavior ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Frontal Lobe Syndrome

ABSTRACTA late onset frontal lobe syndrome (LOF) refers to a clinical syndrome with apathy, disinhibition, or stereotypical behavior arising in middle or late adulthood. Diagnostics are challenging, and both clinicians and patients need reliable predictors of progression to improve clinical guidance. In this longitudinal multicenter and genetically screened prospective study, 137 LOF patients with frontal behavior (FBI score≥11) and/or stereotypical behavior (SRI≥10) were included. Progression was defined as institutionalization, death, or progression of frontal or temporal atrophy at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after two years of follow up. Absence of progression at MRI in addition to stable or improved Mini Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery scores after two years was indicative for non-progression. The presence of stereotypy and a neuropsychological profile with executive deficits at baseline were found to be predictive for progression, while a history and family history with psychiatric disorders were predictors for non-progression. The combination of these clinical markers had a predictive value of 80.4% (p < 0.05). In patients presenting with late onset behavioral symptoms, an appraisal of the rate of deterioration can be made by detailed mapping of clinical symptoms. Distinction of progressive discourses from non-progressive or treatable conditions is to be gained.

scholarly journals Motor Sequences - Separating The Sequence From The Motor. A longitudinal rsfMRI Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATP Jäger ◽  
JM Huntenburg ◽  
SA Tremblay ◽  
U Schneider ◽  
S Grahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Slow Learning

AbstractIn motor learning, sequence-specificity, i.e. the learning of specific sequential associations, has predominantly been studied using task-based fMRI paradigms. However, offline changes in resting state functional connectivity after sequence-specific motor learning are less well understood. Previous research has established that plastic changes following motor learning can be divided into stages including fast learning, slow learning and retention. A description of how resting state functional connectivity after sequence-specific motor sequence learning (MSL) develops across these stages is missing. This study aimed to identify plastic alterations in whole-brain functional connectivity after learning a complex motor sequence by contrasting an active group who learned a complex sequence with a control group who performed a control task matched for motor execution. Resting state fMRI and behavioural performance were collected in both groups over the course of 5 consecutive training days and at follow-up after 12 days to encompass fast learning, slow learning, overall learning and retention. Between-group interaction analyses showed sequence-specific increases in functional connectivity during fast learning in the sensorimotor territory of the internal segment of right globus pallidus (GPi), and sequence-specific decreases in right supplementary motor area (SMA) in overall learning. We found that connectivity changes in key regions of the motor network including the superior parietal cortex (SPC) and primary motor cortex (M1) were not a result of sequence-specific learning but were instead linked to motor execution. Our study confirms the sequence-specific role of SMA and GPi that has previously been identified in online task-based learning studies in humans and primates, and extends it to resting state network changes after sequence-specific MSL. Finally, our results shed light on a timing-specific plasticity mechanism between GPi and SMA following MSL.

Adaptive Reconfiguration of Intrinsic Community Structure in Children with 5-Year Abacus Training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Yuzhao Yao ◽  
Changsong Zhou ◽  
Feiyan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Human learning can be understood as a network phenomenon, underpinned by the adaptive reconfiguration of modular organization. However, the plasticity of community structure (CS) in resting-state network induced by cognitive intervention has never been investigated. Here, we explored the individual difference of intrinsic CS between children with 5-year abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training (35 subjects) and their peers without prior experience in AMC (31 subjects). Using permutation-based analysis between subjects in the two groups, we found the significant alteration of intrinsic CS, with training-attenuated individual difference. The alteration of CS focused on selective subsets of cortical regions (“core areas”), predominantly affiliated to the visual, somatomotor, and default-mode subsystems. These subsystems exhibited training-promoted cohesion with attenuated interaction between them, from the perspective of individuals’ CS. Moreover, the cohesion of visual network could predict training-improved math ability in the AMC group, but not in the control group. Finally, the whole network displayed enhanced segregation in the AMC group, including higher modularity index, more provincial hubs, lower participation coefficient, and fewer between-module links, largely due to the segregation of “core areas.” Collectively, our findings suggested that the intrinsic CS could get reconfigured toward more localized processing and segregated architecture after long-term cognitive training.

scholarly journals Exploring the Neuropsychological Profile of a Clinically Referred Sample of Children in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1254-1254
Author(s):  
A Giudicessi ◽  
V D Visconti ◽  
A Zenit Aldana ◽  
C Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Master's Program ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Clinically Referred ◽  
Behavior Difficulties ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning

Abstract Objective The Wechsler Scale of Intelligence for Children (WISC-IV) is one of the most commonly used intelligence tests for children. A Spanish version of the WISC-IV exists, but a limited amount of published information is available on its utility when assessing pediatric clinical populations. Furthermore, little published research utilizes the WISC-IV in Spanish speaking populations residing outside the US. This study seeks to present the neuropsychological profile of a clinically referred sample of children residing in Mexico. Participants and Method The present study included 35 participants (15 females and 20 males, M age of 9.26 years, SD = 1.69). Participants were referred to clinic sites affiliated with the neuropsychology master’s program at Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP). Participants were referred for assessment due to persistent academic/behavior difficulties and were included in this study if they were between the ages of 7 and 12, with no history of a psychiatric disorder. All participants were administered the WISC-IV. Procedures were approved by the ethics committee at BUAP. Informed consent was obtained prior to evaluation. Results Descriptive statistics show a Full-Scale IQ average (FSIQ) mean of 75.40 (SD = 12.42). Highest index scores were on Perceptual Reasoning (PRI) (M = 84.94, SD = 16.22) and Processing Speed (PSI) (M = 81.34, SD = 12.96) and lowest index score were on working memory (WMI) (M = 76.97, SD = 14.64) and Verbal Comprehension (VCI) (M = 76.54, SD = 12.42). Independent T-Tests showed no significant differences between genders. Conclusions Our results show a low average IQ for the sample but also identifies strengths in certain indices and specific subtests within the WISC-IV that can add rich details in the comprehension of cognitive functioning in this sample. In the future, we plan to continue the growth of our study via the utilization of a control group to compare with the clinical sample.

Contrasting patterns of deficits in visuospatial memory and executive function in patients with major depression with and without ECT referral

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tsaltas ◽  
S. Kalogerakou ◽  
V.-M. Papakosta ◽  
D. Kontis ◽  
E. Theochari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Paired Associates ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
State Examination

BackgroundThe pretreatment neuropsychological profile of drug-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may differ from that of their drug-respondent MDD counterparts. Such differences could help in identifying distinct MDD subtypes, thus offering insights into the neuropathology underlying differential treatment responses.MethodDepressed patients with ECT referral (ECTs), depressed patients with no ECT referral (NECTs) and non-psychiatric Controls (matched groups,n=15) were assessed with memory and executive function tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).ResultsECTs scored significantly lower than NECTs in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE;p=0.01). NECTs performed worse than Controls in the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task (p<0.03; Control/NECTp<0.01) and the Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) task (p<0.05; Controls/NECTsp<0.05); ECTs performed between Controls and NECTs, not differing from either. In the Intra/Extradimensional (IED) set-shifting task, ECTs performed worse that Controls and NECTS (IED:p<0.01; Controls/ECTsp<0.01), particularly in the shift phases, which suggests reduced attentional flexibility. In Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), ECTs abandoned the test early more often than Controls and NECTs (H=11,p<0.01) but ECTs who completed SOC performed comparably to the other two groups.ConclusionsA double dissociation emerged from the comparison of cognitive profiles of ECT and NECT patients. ECTs showed executive deficits, particularly in attentional flexibility, but mild deficits in tests of visuospatial memory. NECTs presented the opposite pattern. This suggests predominantly frontostriatal involvement in ECTversustemporal involvement in NECT depressives.

Effect of Posttraumatic Stress on Study Time in a Task Measuring Four Component Processes Underlying Text-Level Reading

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Sullivan ◽  
Gina G. Griffiths ◽  
Mckay Moore Sohlberg
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Text Memory ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Ptsd Group

Purpose To investigate the effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on 4 components underlying text-level reading comprehension. Method A group of 17 veterans with PTSD and 17 matched control participants took part. An experimental task required participants to read and study 3-sentence paragraphs describing semantic features associated with real and unreal objects. Each paragraph was followed by true–false statements that assessed knowledge access, text memory, inference, and integration. Results The results revealed that the PTSD group took significantly longer than the control group to study the paragraphs. Although there was no group difference in test statement accuracy, the PTSD group also took significantly longer to respond to the test statements. Conclusions Overall, the results provide evidence for the control theory of attention but suggest that more direct measures of task-irrelevant processing during text-level reading are needed. More important, the results begin to lay a foundation for developing not only diagnostic but also intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Spatially Nonlinear Interdependence of Alpha-Oscillatory Neural Networks under Chan Meditation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Chen Lo ◽  
Chih-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamical ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Meditation Experience ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Experimental Group

This paper reports the results of our investigation of the effects of Chan meditation on brain electrophysiological behaviors from the viewpoint of spatially nonlinear interdependence among regional neural networks. Particular emphasis is laid on the alpha-dominated EEG (electroencephalograph). Continuous-time wavelet transform was adopted to detect the epochs containing substantial alpha activities. Nonlinear interdependence quantified by similarity indexS(X∣Y), the influence ofsourcesignalYonsinksignalX, was applied to the nonlinear dynamical model in phase space reconstructed from multichannel EEG. Experimental group involved ten experienced Chan-Meditation practitioners, while control group included ten healthy subjects within the same age range, yet, without any meditation experience. Nonlinear interdependence among various cortical regions was explored for five local neural-network regions, frontal, posterior, right-temporal, left-temporal, and central regions. In the experimental group, the inter-regional interaction was evaluated for the brain dynamics under three different stages, at rest (stage R, pre-meditation background recording), in Chan meditation (stage M), and the unique Chakra-focusing practice (stage C). Experimental group exhibits stronger interactions among various local neural networks at stages M and C compared with those at stage R. The intergroup comparison demonstrates thatChan-meditation brainpossesses better cortical inter-regional interactions than theresting brainof control group.

Comparison of Gait Pattern in Athletes with ACL Deficiency and Healthy Individual using an Accelerometer

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heydar Sadeghi ◽  
Hesam Fazlali ◽  
Saba Sadeghi ◽  
Seyedmojtaba Seyedmojtaba Ojaghi
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acl Deficiency ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: In athletes with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiencies could assess functional capabilities with different instruments such as use of a camera in vivo situation. However, these methods have suffered from a large number of limitations such as inability to be repeatable and complexity in technique. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to compare gait pattern of the athletes with ACL injury and able-bodied subjects using an accelerometer. Method: A three-dimensional accelerometer was placed over the tibia tuberosity of 20 healthy and 20 individuals with ACL-deficiencies (ACLD). After walking on the treadmill, the principal components of the acceleration data were calculated using MATLAB software. Results: In this study, Principle Component analysis was used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that subjects with ACL deficiency have different gait pattern compared to the control group. The major differences between stride trajectories of the two groups were at the end of mid-swing and the beginning of terminal swing phases in vertical axis. ACL deficient subjects exhibited different gait patterns during mid and terminal stance phases in anterior- posterior axis compared with normal controls. Conclusions: The difference in gait between subjects with ACL deficiency and healthy subjects are depends on variation in the amount of knee flexion and tibia rotation that could be altered to motor recruitment.

Cognitive and attributional strategies among unemployed young adults: A case of the failure‐trap strategy

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari‐Erik Nurmi ◽  
Katariina Salmela‐Aro ◽  
Hilkka Ruotsalainen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attributional Bias ◽  
Attribution Questionnaire ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
And Task

This study concerns the extent to which people who display evident problem behaviour show signs of applying inefficient cognitive and attributional strategies in an achievement context. Twenty unemployed young adults, 14 people with health problems, and 23 students of a vocational school were compared in terms of the strategies they applied. The Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Cartoon‐Attribution‐Strategy Test (CAST) developed for this study were used. The results showed that the unemployed young adults reported higher levels of failure expectations and task‐irrelevant behaviour, and lower levels of self‐esteem and self‐serving attributional bias, than the control group. This pattern of results does not fully fit in with the conceptualizations of self‐handicapping and learned helplessness. Therefore, a failure‐trap strategy is discussed as an alternative type of maladaptive strategy. Typical of this strategy is that people with low self‐esteem concentrate on task‐irrelevant behaviour, but do not refer to this behaviour as an external excuse for failure.

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