Water Contents and Monoglycerides as Development Role of Biodiesel Standard in Indonesia for B30 Implementation

The volume ratios of the mobile and stationary phases in thin layer chromatography, and the partition coefficients of halide and halate anions and some other anions between these phases were obtained by developing the ions simultaneously with a series of metaphosphates. The water contents of the developing solvents influenced the volume ratios very much, but not so much the partition coefficients. The logarithm of the partition coefficient of the halide anions is proportional to the reciprocal of their ionic radius, and that of the halate anions and oxoanions to the partial charge on the oxygens of them.

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The influence of degree of saturation on the coefficient of aqueous diffusion

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t98-045 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 811-827 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

P C Lim ◽

S L Barbour ◽

D G Fredlund

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Effective Diffusion ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Model Verification ◽

Degree Of Saturation ◽

Best Fit ◽

Coefficient Of Diffusion ◽

Water Contents

The role of degree of saturation on the coefficient of diffusion of contaminants in the aqueous phase is presented and theoretical models for predicting the coefficient of diffusion at any degree of saturation are described. Three predictive models were developed based on three different diffusion modes: diffusion in parallel and series arrangements and combination of both. Diffusion tests were conducted on a sand at various water contents ranging from saturation to the residual degree of saturation using potassium and chloride ions as tracers to verify the applicability of the models. Results from the diffusion tests showed a decrease in effective diffusion coefficient of potassium with a decrease in degree of saturation. The functional relationship between the normalized diffusion coefficient for potassium and the degree of saturation is slightly nonlinear. The results for chloride also showed a decreasing trend, although the data were quite scattered and further verification is needed. Model verification based on the results for potassium showed that among the three models proposed, the model which combines the diffusion pathways in parallel and series arrangements provides the best fit to the experimental data.Key words: unsaturated, contaminant transport, aqueous diffusion, degree of saturation.

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Role of Climatic Factors In The Toxicity of Fipronil Toward Earthworms In Two Tropical Soils: Effects of Increased Temperature And Reduced Soil Moisture Content

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1092710/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thuanne Braúlio Hennig ◽

Paulo Roger Lopes Alves ◽

Felipe Ogliari Bandeira ◽

Liziara da Costa Cabrera ◽

Jonas Simon Dugatto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Tropical Soils ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Water Holding ◽

Water Contents

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on the toxicity of fipronil toward earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in two Brazilian soils (Entisol and Oxisol) with contrasting textures. In the case of Entisol, the influence of the soil moisture content on the toxicity was also investigated. Earthworms were exposed for 56 days to soils spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil under scenarios with different combinations of temperature (20, 25 and 27 ºC) and soil moisture content (60 and 30% of water holding capacity (WHC) for Entisol and 60% WHC for Oxisol). The number of juveniles produced was taken as the endpoint and a risk assessment was performed based on the hazard quotient (HQ). In Entisol, at 60% WHC the fipronil toxicity decreased at 27 ºC compared with the other temperatures tested (EC50 = 52.58, 48.48 and 110 mg kg-1 for 20, 25 and 27 ºC, respectively). In the case of Oxisol at 60% WHC, the fipronil toxicity increased at 27 ºC compared with other temperatures (EC50 = 277.57, 312.87 and 39.89 mg kg-1 at 20, 25 and 27 ºC, respectively). An increase in fipronil toxicity was also observed with a decrease in soil moisture content in Entisol at 27 ºC (EC50 = 27.95 and 110 mg kg-1 for 30% and 60% WHC, respectively). The risk of fipronil was only significant at 27 ºC in Entisol and Oxisol with water contents of 30% and 60% WHC, respectively, revealing that higher temperatures can increase the risk of fipronil toxicity toward earthworms. The results reported herein show that soil properties associated with climatic shifts could enhance the ecotoxicological effects and risk of fipronil for earthworms, depending on the type of soil.

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Flood Runoff on the Rivers of the European Russia and its Role in the Contemporary Water Regime Formation

Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management - Методы оценки и механизмы регулирования водопользования в современных условиях ◽

10.35567/1999-4508-2018-4-4 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Water Regime ◽

Water Discharge ◽

European Russia ◽

Winter Period ◽

Regime Formation ◽

Genetic Components ◽

Discharge Rates ◽

Rain Floods ◽

Water Contents

Currently existed special features of the water regime, namely the role of flood runoff in its formation in the rivers of European Russia has been considered. Changes of characteristic data and maximal water discharge rates for thaw and rain floods, as well as runoff volumes for each phase of the hydrological year has been demonstrated on the basis of the hydrograph split by the genetic components. It has been shown that the winter period meteorological characteristics changes reflects on the formation of low water a flood water contents during thaws. This, in turn, affected the whole within-year distribution of the runoff, thus causing the noticeable transformation of typical hydrograph of the most of the rivers of European Russia.

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The Influence of Water Present in the Batch on the Fining Process of Lead Crystal Containing More than 24 % by Weight of PbO

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.489 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 39-40 ◽

pp. 489-492

Author(s):

Miroslav Rada ◽

Jan Vršovský

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Water Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Total Degree ◽

Lead Crystal ◽

Production Economy ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Water Contents ◽

Glass Viscosity

The paper deals with the effect of chemically and physically bonded water in the batch on the fining process of lead crystal containing more than 24 wt% of PbO.The influence of water contained in the batch that affects eventually the water content in the glass melt was investigated under laboratory conditions from the viewpoint of its effect on the total degree of fining, the surface tension and the glass viscosity. The role of K2O-containing raw materials characterized by different contents in chemically bonded water as well as the effect of various water contents used for physical batch wetting on above mentioned parameters are discussed by taking into account the production economy and the protection of the environment at the same time.

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Component Permeabilities and Water Contents in periplaneta Integument: Role Of The Epidermis Re-Examined

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.117.1.155 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 117 (1) ◽

pp. 155-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. MACHIN ◽

G. J. LAMPERT ◽

M. J. O'DONNELL

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Techniques ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Before And After ◽

Pressure Lowering ◽

First Time ◽

Water Contents

Improved in vivo and in vitro techniques for measuring cuticular water permeability are described. Air flowing over a cuticle disc mounted in a holder, permitted elimination of unstirred layers, or corrections for them, for the first time. Conditions inside the holder were incompatible with the long-term health of the epidermal cells. Significantly, mean permeabilities of these discs did not differ from values obtained in vivo on the same cuticular plate. Overall cuticular permeability was apportioned between endocuticle and combined epicuticle and exocuticle on the basis of measurements made before and after solvent extraction of lipids. Under identical activity gradients, endocuticle permeability was 35 to 40 times greater than the value for the other layer. Permeability of both component layers showed strongly non-linear relationships with ambient activity, with empirical proportionality to the reciprocal of vapour pressure lowering. Cuticle water contents measured in activity gradient conditions showed significantly higher values in vivo than in vitro. The amount of water contained in the combined epicuticle and exocuticle was too small to measure. We conclude that neither permeability nor water content data support the existence of a significant water barrier in the region of the epidermis.

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Biotite from Čierna hora Mountains granitoids (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) and estimation of water contents in granitoid melts

Geologica Carpathica ◽

10.2478/v10096-009-0040-1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 3-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katarína Bónová ◽

Igor Broska ◽

Igor Petrík

Keyword(s):

Lower Crust ◽

Western Carpathians ◽

Stability Equation ◽

Ferromagnesian Mineral ◽

Model Yield ◽

Dissolution Model ◽

Assimilation Process ◽

Water Contents ◽

Water Dissolution

Biotite from Čierna hora Mountains granitoids (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) and estimation of water contents in granitoid meltsBiotite is the dominant ferromagnesian mineral in different granites from the Čierna hora Mountains, in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). A higher content of Fe3+(up to 20 %) is characteristic for the biotites from I-type Sokoľ and Sopotnica granitoid bodies in contrast to the biotites from S-type Ťahanovce granitoids showing decreased Fe3+amount (around 5 %). The Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio in biotites from the Sokoľ and Sopotnica massifs between 0.47 and 0.54 is rather low with respect to that in biotite from the Ťahanovce [Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.55-0.63] and Miklušovce [Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.73-0.81] granite body. Water fugacities and contents calculated using Wones' (1981) calibration of biotite stability equation and Burnham's (1994) water dissolution model yield relatively similar values of 4-5 wt. % in remaining melts at 400 MPa and various levels of fo2and activities of annite for magnetite-bearing assemblages. This suggests an effective buffering role of biotite in both oxygen and water fugacities. Comparison of the peraluminosity index (A/CNK) of biotite with the same index in whole-rock shows distinctly higher A/CNK values for biotite indicating its aluminous character and important role as a significant aluminium carrier. The biotite composition indicates that granitoids in the Čierna hora Mts can be primarily derived from the lower crust; their protolith was influenced by mixing and/or assimilation process.

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