scholarly journals Internal pilot insertion for polar codes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Walled K. Abdulwahab ◽  
Abdulkareem A. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Internal Pilot ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Successive Cancellation

Two internal pilot insertion methods are proposed for polar codes to improve their error correction performance. The presented methods are based on a study of the weight distribution of the given polar code. The insertion of pilot bits provided a new way to control the coding rate of the modified polar code on the basis of the Hamming weight properties without sacrificing the code construction and the related channel condition. Rate control is highly demanded by 5G channel coding schemes. Two short-length polar codes were considered in the work with successive cancellation list decoding. The results showed that advantages in the range of 0.1 to 0.75 dB were obtained in the relative tolerance of the modified coded signal to the additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels at a bit error rate of 10<sup>−4</sup>. The simulation results also revealed that the performance improvements were possible with a careful insertion of the pilots. The modified polar code with pilot insertion provided performance improvement and offered the control of the coding rate without any added complexity at both the encoder and the decoder.

Multi-Level Construction of Polar Codes for Half-Duplex Wireless Coded-Cooperative Networks

Frequenz ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (11-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saqib Ejaz ◽  
Yang FengFan ◽  
Tamer H. M. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
Cooperative Scheme ◽  
Half Duplex ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Efficient Criteria

AbstractIn this paper, Plotkin’s construction is employed to buildup longer length polar codes with the help of shorter length polar codes. Firstly, we present the multi-level code construction steps for non-cooperative communication schemes. Secondly, we extend the proposed multi-level polar code construction to coded-cooperative scenarios due to the parallel split in the proposed encoding scheme. Since, relay plays a pivotal role in the overall bit error rate (BER) performance of the coded-cooperative schemes, therefore, an efficient criteria of information bit selection at the relay is also presented. Furthermore, we propose a novel joint successive cancellation decoding scheme, which is employed at the destination and provides significant coding gains. Various numerical simulations show that the proposed polar coded-cooperative scheme (PCCS) scheme not only outperforms non-cooperative polar coded scheme but also the existing cooperative schemes for polar codes under identical conditions over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels.

scholarly journals An overview of channel coding for 5G NR cellular communications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hyun Bae ◽  
Ahmed Abotabl ◽  
Hsien-Ping Lin ◽  
Kee-Bong Song ◽  
Jungwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Channel Coding ◽  
Ldpc Codes ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
User Data

AbstractA 5G new radio cellular system is characterized by three main usage scenarios of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications, which require improved throughput, latency, and reliability compared with a 4G system. This overview paper discusses key characteristics of 5G channel coding schemes which are mainly designed for the eMBB scenario as well as for partial support of the URLLC scenario focusing on low latency. Two capacity-achieving channel coding schemes of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes have been adopted for 5G where the former is for user data and the latter is for control information. As a coding scheme for data, 5G LDPC codes are designed to support high throughput, a variable code rate and length and hybrid automatic repeat request in addition to good error correcting capability. 5G polar codes, as a coding scheme for control, are designed to perform well with short block length while addressing a latency issue of successive cancellation decoding.

scholarly journals Improving Image Transmission by Using Polar Codes and Successive Cancellation List Decoding

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Garcia ◽  
Maria De Lourdes Melo Guedes Alcoforado ◽  
Francisco Madeiro ◽  
Valdemar Cardoso Da Rocha Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Shift Keying

This paper investigates the transmission of grey scale images encoded with polar codes and de-coded with successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. Po-lar codes seem a natural choice for this application be-cause of their error-correction efficiency combined with fast decoding. Computer simulations are carried out for evaluating the influence of different code block lengths in the quality of the decoded images. At the encoder a default polar code construction is used in combination with binary phase shift keying modulation. The results are compared with those obtained by using the clas-sic successive cancellation (SC) decoding introduced by Arikan. The quality of the reconstructed images is assessed by using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) index. Curves of PSNR and SSIM versus code block length are presented il-lustrating the improvement in performance of SCL in comparison with SC.

Performance analysis of NR Polar Codes at short information blocks for control channels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirthadip Sinha ◽  
Jaydeb Bhaumik
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Cyclic Redundancy Check ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract One important innovation in information and coding theory is polar code, which delivers capacity attaining error correction performance varying code rates and block lengths. In recent times, polar codes are preferred to offer channel coding in the physical control channels of the 5G (5 th Generation) wireless standard by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) New Radio (NR) group. Being a part of the physical layer, Channel coding plays key role in deciding latency and reliability of a communication system. However, the error correction performance degrades with decreased message lengths. 5G NR requires channel codes with low rates, very low error floors with short message lengths and low latency in coding process. In this work, Distributed Cyclic Redundancy Check Aided polar (DCA-polar) code along with Cyclic Redundancy Check Aided polar (CA-polar) code, the two variant of polar codes have been proposed which provide significant error-correction performance in the regime of short block lengths and enable early termination of decoding processes. While CRC bits improve the performance of SCL (successive cancellation list) decoding by increasing distance properties, distributed CRC bits permit path trimming and early-termination of the decoding process. The design can reduce the decoding latency and energy consumption of hardware, which is crucial for mobile applications like 5G. The work also considers the performance analysis of NR polar codes over AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) for short information block lengths at low code rates in the uplink and downlink control channels using SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) and FAR (False Alarm Rate) as the performance measures. Simulation results illustrate different trade-offs between error-correction and detection performances comparing proposed NR polar coding schemes.

scholarly journals Design of Polar Codes for Rayleigh Fading Channel using Random Interleaver and DeInterleaver

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S) ◽  
pp. 1068-1071
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Fading Channel ◽  
Rayleigh Fading ◽  
Multipath Fading ◽  
Rayleigh Fading Channel ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Multipath Fading Channels ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Effective Output

Rayleigh fading channel in polar codes based on random interleaver and de-interleaver is presented in this paper. Multipath fading channels are obtained by inducing the sub channels based on the transformation of polarizations. This will track the noise and diversity in the channels. The performance of polar code is improved by constructing the dynamic frozen symbol and the Nakagami channel is introduced in estimating diversity system. Random inter leaver and deinterleaver will permute the signals in effective way. Code construction will allow the system to map the address of memory location. Here the polar code encoding system will analyze the characteristics of channels. The results show that effective output is obtained based on polar code fading channel

scholarly journals Improved Pilot Selection for Channel Estimation of Polar Codes in Wireless 5G

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4978-4983
Keyword(s):  
Channel Estimation ◽  
Fading Channels ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Mimo System ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Pilot Selection

Fading channels learning about polar codes is great prominence. Knowledge of polar codes is very important while they are applied to the wireless communication systems. In fading Channels the communication through channel estimation which is an essential step for communication. The structure is constructed by a set of information bits for both systematic polar code and non-systematic polar code and the information set recognized frozen bits. In fading channels uneven pilot selection scheme and even pilot selection scheme are two pilot selection schemes are considered for polar codes. There is an improvement in decoding performance of polar codes using these selection schemes. In this choosing of coded symbols treated as pilots is a replacement of insertion of pilots. Polar codes have poor performance in fixed domain. So the EPS selection scheme can be active for tracing or channel estimation. The structure of polar code encoding is acapable structure and pilot selection is grave since whole selections cannot use the existing structure again. By conjoining the above advantages, pilot signals are selected without any addition from outside and insertion of pilot symbols impartial to estimation of the channel. Leveraging this, the DM-BS scheme is applyto multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system in frequency selective fading channel.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF NETWORK CODING SCHEMES FOR 5G SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shurooq M. Abdulkhudhur ◽  
Abdulkareem A. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Network Coding ◽  
Fading Channels ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Packet Error Rate ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Error Performance ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Communication Links

Huge data rates have been provided by 5G wireless communication systems using millimeter wave (mmWave) band that have frequencies ranging from 30 to 300 GHz.  mmWave provides much wider bandwidth than the existing 4G band.  The 5G network deals with massive number of devices.  This presents many challenges including capacity, end to end delay, data rate, and very large number of connections.  In this paper, the main task is to apply network coding to 5G mmWave communication system to increase the throughput of the communication links.  Simple packet-based network coding schemes using butterfly network topology are simulated.  The two network coding schemes considered here are Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC) and Network Layer Network Coding (NLNC).   Models of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and mmWave indoor fading channels are considered in the work using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. The results of the tests showed that the use of both NLNC and PLNC improved throughput in comparison to uncoded system.  Using PLNC increased the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Packet Error Rate (PER), while NLNC scheme showed almost identical error performance to uncoded system over mmWave fading channel.  The results show that network coding improved throughput when compared.

scholarly journals Combined Polar Codes and 2-12 QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Camila Morais Oliveira ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Melo Guedes Alcoforado ◽  
Garik Markarian ◽  
Valdemar Cardoso da Rocha Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Rayleigh Fading ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Error Correcting Codes ◽  
Rayleigh Fading Channels ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Qam Modulation

Abstract This article investigates a communication system using polar codes combined with a 2-12 QAM modulation scheme over channels disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as well as over channels disturbed by Rayleigh fading in addition to AWGN. The 2-12 QAM modulation is compatible with legacy 16 QAM still widely used, and when combined with appropriate error correcting codes produces results that approach the Shannon limit.

scholarly journals Encrypted message transmission in a QO-STBC encoded MISO wireless Communication system under implementation of low complexity ML decoding algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Shaikh Enayet Ullah ◽  
Md. Golam Rashed ◽  
Most. Farjana Sharmin
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Message Transmission

In this paper, we made a comprehensive BER simulation study of a quasi- orthogonal space time block encoded (QO-STBC) multiple-input single output(MISO) system. The communication system under investigation has incorporated four digital modulations (QPSK, QAM, 16PSK and 16QAM) over an Additative White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Raleigh fading channels for three transmit and one receive antennas. In its FEC channel coding section, three schemes such as Cyclic, Reed-Solomon and ½-rated convolutionally encoding have been used. Under implementation of merely low complexity ML decoding based channel estimation and RSA cryptographic encoding /decoding algorithms, it is observable from conducted simulation test on encrypted text message transmission that the communication system with QAM digital modulation and ½-rated convolutionally encoding techniques is highly effective to combat inherent interferences under Raleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. It is also noticeable from the study that the retrieving performance of the communication system degrades with the lowering of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and increasing in order of modulation.

scholarly journals DLSTM-Based Successive Cancellation Flipping Decoder for Short Polar Codes

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 863
Author(s):  
Jianming Cui ◽  
Wenxiu Kong ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
Da Chen ◽  
Qingtian Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Channel Coding ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Gaussian Approximation ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Polar code has been adopted as the control channel coding scheme for the fifth generation (5G), and the performance of short polar codes is receiving intensive attention. The successive cancellation flipping (SC flipping) algorithm suffers a significant performance loss in short block lengths. To address this issue, we propose a double long short-term memory (DLSTM) neural network to locate the first error bit. To enhance the prediction accuracy of the DLSTM network, all frozen bits are clipped in the output layer. Then, Gaussian approximation is applied to measure the channel reliability and rank the flipping set to choose the least reliable position for multi-bit flipping. To be robust under different codewords, padding and masking strategies aid the network architecture to be compatible with multiple block lengths. Numerical results indicate that the error-correction performance of the proposed algorithm is competitive with that of the CA-SCL algorithm. It has better performance than the machine learning-based multi-bit flipping SC (ML-MSCF) decoder and the dynamic SC flipping (DSCF) decoder for short polar codes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document