Performance analysis of NR Polar Codes at short information blocks for control channels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirthadip Sinha ◽  
Jaydeb Bhaumik
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Cyclic Redundancy Check ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract One important innovation in information and coding theory is polar code, which delivers capacity attaining error correction performance varying code rates and block lengths. In recent times, polar codes are preferred to offer channel coding in the physical control channels of the 5G (5 th Generation) wireless standard by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) New Radio (NR) group. Being a part of the physical layer, Channel coding plays key role in deciding latency and reliability of a communication system. However, the error correction performance degrades with decreased message lengths. 5G NR requires channel codes with low rates, very low error floors with short message lengths and low latency in coding process. In this work, Distributed Cyclic Redundancy Check Aided polar (DCA-polar) code along with Cyclic Redundancy Check Aided polar (CA-polar) code, the two variant of polar codes have been proposed which provide significant error-correction performance in the regime of short block lengths and enable early termination of decoding processes. While CRC bits improve the performance of SCL (successive cancellation list) decoding by increasing distance properties, distributed CRC bits permit path trimming and early-termination of the decoding process. The design can reduce the decoding latency and energy consumption of hardware, which is crucial for mobile applications like 5G. The work also considers the performance analysis of NR polar codes over AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) for short information block lengths at low code rates in the uplink and downlink control channels using SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) and FAR (False Alarm Rate) as the performance measures. Simulation results illustrate different trade-offs between error-correction and detection performances comparing proposed NR polar coding schemes.

scholarly journals Internal pilot insertion for polar codes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Walled K. Abdulwahab ◽  
Abdulkareem A. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Internal Pilot ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Successive Cancellation

Two internal pilot insertion methods are proposed for polar codes to improve their error correction performance. The presented methods are based on a study of the weight distribution of the given polar code. The insertion of pilot bits provided a new way to control the coding rate of the modified polar code on the basis of the Hamming weight properties without sacrificing the code construction and the related channel condition. Rate control is highly demanded by 5G channel coding schemes. Two short-length polar codes were considered in the work with successive cancellation list decoding. The results showed that advantages in the range of 0.1 to 0.75 dB were obtained in the relative tolerance of the modified coded signal to the additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels at a bit error rate of 10<sup>−4</sup>. The simulation results also revealed that the performance improvements were possible with a careful insertion of the pilots. The modified polar code with pilot insertion provided performance improvement and offered the control of the coding rate without any added complexity at both the encoder and the decoder.

scholarly journals Improving Image Transmission by Using Polar Codes and Successive Cancellation List Decoding

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Garcia ◽  
Maria De Lourdes Melo Guedes Alcoforado ◽  
Francisco Madeiro ◽  
Valdemar Cardoso Da Rocha Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Code Construction ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Shift Keying

This paper investigates the transmission of grey scale images encoded with polar codes and de-coded with successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. Po-lar codes seem a natural choice for this application be-cause of their error-correction efficiency combined with fast decoding. Computer simulations are carried out for evaluating the influence of different code block lengths in the quality of the decoded images. At the encoder a default polar code construction is used in combination with binary phase shift keying modulation. The results are compared with those obtained by using the clas-sic successive cancellation (SC) decoding introduced by Arikan. The quality of the reconstructed images is assessed by using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) index. Curves of PSNR and SSIM versus code block length are presented il-lustrating the improvement in performance of SCL in comparison with SC.

scholarly journals A Low-Complexity Ordered Statistics Decoding Algorithm for Short Polar Codes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Yusheng Xing ◽  
Guofang Tu
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Decoding Algorithm ◽  
Low Snr ◽  
Ordered Statistics

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity ordered statistics decoding (OSD) algorithm called threshold-based OSD (TH-OSD) that uses a threshold on the discrepancy of the candidate codewords to speed up the decoding of short polar codes. To determine the threshold, we use the probability distribution of the discrepancy value of the maximal likelihood codeword with a predefined parameter controlling the trade-off between the error correction performance and the decoding complexity. We also derive an upper-bound of the word error rate (WER) for the proposed algorithm. The complexity analysis shows that our algorithm is faster than the conventional successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm in mid-to-high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) situations and much faster than the SC list (SCL) decoding algorithm. Our addition of a list approach to our proposed algorithm further narrows the error correction performance gap between our TH-OSD and OSD. Our simulation results show that, with appropriate thresholds, our proposed algorithm achieves performance close to OSD’s while testing significantly fewer codewords than OSD, especially with low SNR values. Even a small list is sufficient for TH-OSD to match OSD’s error rate in short-code scenarios. The algorithm can be easily extended to longer code lengths.

scholarly journals Encrypted message transmission in a QO-STBC encoded MISO wireless Communication system under implementation of low complexity ML decoding algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Shaikh Enayet Ullah ◽  
Md. Golam Rashed ◽  
Most. Farjana Sharmin
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Message Transmission

In this paper, we made a comprehensive BER simulation study of a quasi- orthogonal space time block encoded (QO-STBC) multiple-input single output(MISO) system. The communication system under investigation has incorporated four digital modulations (QPSK, QAM, 16PSK and 16QAM) over an Additative White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Raleigh fading channels for three transmit and one receive antennas. In its FEC channel coding section, three schemes such as Cyclic, Reed-Solomon and ½-rated convolutionally encoding have been used. Under implementation of merely low complexity ML decoding based channel estimation and RSA cryptographic encoding /decoding algorithms, it is observable from conducted simulation test on encrypted text message transmission that the communication system with QAM digital modulation and ½-rated convolutionally encoding techniques is highly effective to combat inherent interferences under Raleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. It is also noticeable from the study that the retrieving performance of the communication system degrades with the lowering of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and increasing in order of modulation.

Performance Analysis of a WCDMA System Model in a Low Mobility and Indoor Environment with Channel Coding over Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Filbert O. Ombongi ◽  
Philip L. Kibet ◽  
Stephen Musyoki
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Pulse Shaping ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
White Gaussian Noise ◽  
System Model ◽  
Shaping Filter ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
Data Rates

This paper has analyzed the performance a Wireless Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) system model at a data rate of 384kbps and 2Mbps over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. The signal was modulated by Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with modulation order, M=16. The performance of the system was enhanced by implementing convolution coding scheme. This study was important as it formed a basis through which the performance analysis can be extended to Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks which have data rates starting from 1Mbps to as high as 100Mbps.The performance of the WCDMA at these data rates was seen to improve when convolutional coding scheme was implemented. Since the Shannon capacity formula depends on the BER of a system then this improvement means an additional capacity in the channel and this can accommodate more users in the channel. The results have further shown that the choice of a modulation technique depending on the throughput required affects the BER performance of the system. Therefore, there must be a trade-off between the throughput required, the modulation format to be used and the pulse shaping filter parameters.

scholarly journals Area-Efficient Early-Termination Technique for Belief-Propagation Polar Decoders

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Choi ◽  
Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Belief Propagation ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Termination Criterion ◽  
Area Efficient

Early-termination techniques for a belief-propagation (BP) decoder of polar codes can improve the decoding throughput by finishing a decoding iteration when an early-termination condition is satisfied. In the BP decoders, the early-termination condition plays an important role, as it affects decoding iteration savings. In this letter, an area-efficient early-termination criterion is proposed, which simplifies the previous threshold-based termination condition by completely eliminating redundant computations. According to the experimental results, the proposed structure for (1024, 512) polar codes can reduce 72.7%, 66.5%, and 59.7% of hardware resources without any degradation in the error-correction performance and decoding throughput compared to the previous threshold-based, information-BER (bit error rate)-based, and frozen-BER-based early-termination techniques, respectively.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of CRC-Polar Concatenated Codes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Lydia Sari ◽  
Masagus M. Ikhsan Assiddiq U.P. ◽  
Syah Alam ◽  
Indra Surjati
Keyword(s):  
Channel Coding ◽  
Ldpc Codes ◽  
Block Length ◽  
Concatenated Codes ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Shannon Capacity ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Binary Input ◽  
Information Sequence ◽  
Simulation Results

Polar code has been proven to obtain Shannon capacity for Binary Input Discrete Memoryless Channel (BIDMC) and its use has been proposed as the channel coding in 5G technology.  However, its performance is limited in finite block length, compared to Turbo or LDPC codes.  This research proposes the use of various CRC codes to complement Polar codes with finite block length and analyses the performance based on Block Error Rate (BLER) to Es/N0 (dB).  The CRC codes used are of degrees 11 and 24, with 3 different polynomial generators for each degree. The number of bits in the information sequence is 32. The list sizes used are 1, 2, 4, and 8. Simulation results show that the concatenation of CRC and Polar codes will yield good BLER vs Es/N0 performance for short blocks of codeword, with rates 32/864 and 54/864.  Concatenating CRC codes with Polar codes will yield a BLER performance of 10-2 with Es/N0 values of -9.1 to -7.5  dB when CRC codes of degree 11 is used, depending on the SC list used. The use of CRC codes of degree 24 enables a BLER performance of 10-2 with Es/N0 values of -7 to -6 dB when the SC list used is 1 or 2.  The use of CRC codes of degree 24 combined with SC list with sizes 4 or 8 will improve the BLER performance to 10-2 with Es/N0 values of -8 to -7.5 dB

scholarly journals Comparison between Different Channel Coding Techniques for IEEE 802.11be within Factory Automation Scenarios

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7209
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Fanari ◽  
Eneko Iradier ◽  
Iñigo Bilbao ◽  
Rufino Cabrera ◽  
Jon Montalban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turbo Codes ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Additive White Gaussian Noise ◽  
Convolutional Codes ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Wireless System ◽  
Factory Automation ◽  
Require Time ◽  
New Radio

This paper presents improvements in the physical layer reliability of the IEEE 802.11be standard. Most wireless system proposals do not fulfill the stringent requirements of Factory Automation use cases. The harsh propagation features of industrial environments usually require time retransmission techniques to guarantee link reliability. At the same time, retransmissions compromise latency. IEEE 802.11be, the upcoming WLAN standard, is being considered for Factory Automation (FA) communications. 802.11be addresses specifically latency and reliability difficulties, typical in the previous 802.11 standards. This paper evaluates different channel coding techniques potentially applicable in IEEE 802.11be. The methods suggested here are the following: WLAN LDPC, WLAN Convolutional Codes (CC), New Radio (NR) Polar, and Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based Turbo Codes. The tests consider an IEEE 802.11be prototype under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and industrial channel models. The results suggest that the best performing codes in factory automation cases are the WLAN LDPCs and New Radio Polar Codes.

scholarly journals Polar Code: An Advanced Encoding And Decoding Architecture For Next Generation 5G Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Kaveri Maltiyar ◽  
Deepti Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Error Correcting Code ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Decoding Complexity ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Paper Review

Polar Codes become a new channel coding, which will be common to apply for next-generation wireless communication systems. Polar codes, introduced by Arikan, achieves the capacity of symmetric channels with “low encoding and decoding complexity” for a large class of underlying channels. Recently, polar code has become the most favorable error correcting code in the viewpoint of information theory due to its property of channel achieving capacity. Polar code achieves the capacity of the class of symmetric binary memory less channels. In this paper review of polar code, an advanced encoding and decoding architecture for next generation applications.

scholarly journals Channel Coding for Multi-Carrier Wireless Partial Duplex

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hamid R. Barzegar ◽  
Luca Reggiani
Keyword(s):  
Turbo Codes ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Full Duplex ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
Low Snr ◽  
Half Duplex

In order to leverage the spectrum resources, several forms of wireless duplex have been introduced and investigated in recent years. In Partial Duplex (PD) schemes, part of the band is transmitted in Full-Duplex (FD) and the rest in Half-Duplex (HD); therefore, some transmitted symbols will be characterized, at the receiver, by high SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and others by low SNR because of the residual self-interference (SI) in the FD part. Combining properly the patterns of these high and low SNR symbols affects the performance of the encoding schemes used in the system; in order to overcome this issue, different encoding and allocation schemes can be adopted for achieving a satisfactory solution. This paper investigates the performance of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC), turbo, polar codes for wireless PD. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multicarrier modulation technique, used in 4G and in the upcoming 5G, and it can be exploited for realizing a proper symbol allocation according to the SNR on each subcarrier. In this context, performance of LDPC, polar, and turbo codes derived from existing specifications has been studied when the system faces a mixture of high and low SNRs on the bits and hence on the symbols coming from the same codeword and this unbalanced SNR distribution is known a-priori at the transmitter, a condition associated with a scheme in which part of the symbols is subject to FD interference.

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