scholarly journals Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to the local anesthetic block to inferior alveolar nerve in boars (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. e161658
Author(s):  
Caroline Bures de Paulo ◽  
Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães ◽  
Ygor Henrique De Paula ◽  
Jeferson Borges Barcelos ◽  
Fabiano Braz Romão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Ventral Margin ◽  
Mandibular Foramen ◽  
Condylar Process ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Commercial Farms

Boars kept on commercial farms use their canine teeth as a mechanism of defense and attack in order to express their natural instincts, which could result in fractures of the teeth and jaws. Thus, utilizing local desensitization of the inferior alveolar nerve is crucial for executing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavities of those animals. Then, the goal is to carry out the morphometry of the mandibular foramen of that species, correlating it with the mandibular structures, while doing so in the safest manner for the animals. For that purpose, six hemimandibles of young-aged Sus scrofa scrofa were used, from which the proposed measurements were taken. On average, the lateral margin of the condylar process stood 142.43 mm away from the root of the lower medial incisive tooth. The longitudinal axis of the body of the mandible measured 22.3 mm at the level of the diastema that exists between the fourth lower premolar tooth and the first lower molar tooth. The mandibular foramen, from the caudal limit of the ventral margin, would be positioned at26.6 mm from the ventral margin of the angle of the mandible in that level, 34.92 mm away from the medial margin of the condylar process, and 38.63 mm away from the dorsal limit from the caudal margin of the coronoid process. The lack of statistically significant differences, and observing that the osseous accident under scrutiny had been positioned in the ramus of the mandible, indicated that the proposed procedure should be performed from the introduction of the needle in an oblique and rostrodorsal direction for 2.0 cm, and angulated at 60º with the anatomic reference created by the medial demarcation obtained via the support of the thumb on the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible, ventrally to the zygomatic arch, all while preserving neighboring structures and establishing an unheard-of anesthetic methodology for boars.

The Effect of Head Tilt on Perception of Self-Orientation While in a Greater than One G Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Tamara L. Chelette ◽  
Eric J. Martin ◽  
William B. Albery
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
Constant Head

The effect of head tilt on the perception of self-orientation while in a greater than one G environment was studied in nine subjects using the Armstrong Laboratory Dynamic Environment Simulator. After a 12-s stabilization period at a constant head tilt and G level, subjects reported their perception of the horizon by placing their right hand in a position they believed to be horizontal. Head tilt conditions ranged from -30° to +45° pitch over each of three head yaw positions. G levels ranged from one to four and were in the longitudinal axis of the body (Gz). Hand position was recorded in both the pitch and roll body axes. A function of head tilt did improve the fit of a multiple regression model to the collected data in both the pitch and roll axes (P < .05). The best fit was accomplished with a nonlinear function of G and head pitch. When the head remained level but the environment tilted with respect to the G vector (at angles similar to those perceived during head tilt), subjects accurately reported the environmental tilt. Head tilt under G can result in vestibular-based illusionary perception of environmental tilt. Actual environmental tilt is accurately perceived due to added channels of haptic information.

Factors Controlling the Change of Shape of Certain Nemertean and Turbellarian Worms

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. CLARK ◽  
J. B. COWEY
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ciliary Action ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Body Wall Musculature ◽  
Sectional Shape

1. Nemerteans and turbellarians have an inextensible fibre system around them in the form of a lattice of left- and right-handed spirals. The effect of this system on the change of shape on these worms has been analysed theoretically and compared with the observed behaviour of nine species of turbellarian and nemertean from widely differing habitats. 2. The following theoretical relationships have been studied: (a) Variation of the angle between the geodesics and the longitudinal axis of the worm during changes in length, and the role of the fibre system in limiting changes in length of the animal. (b) The change in cross-sectional shape during changes in length. (c) The extension of the fibres and the extensibility of the worms, assuming the fibres of the lattice to be elastic. 3. The species investigated conform with the theoretical predictions to varying degrees and have been grouped accordingly: (a) Geonemertes dendyi and Rhynchodemus bilineatus have low extensibilities and fit the prediction well. They are nearly circular in cross-section at all lengths as a result of their low extensibility and this is related to their terrestrial habit and need for water conservation. (b) Amphiporus lactifloreus, Lineus gesserensis and L. longissimus are moderately flattened in the relaxed position and have extensibilities between 6 and 10. They are marine crawling forms using cilia for locomotion and so must present a fairly large ciliated surface to the substratum. The fibre system does not limit contraction; the compression of the epithelial cells causes the observed extensibilities to fall a little short of the theoretical values. (c) Cerebratulus lacteus, Malacobdella grossa, Polycelis nigra and Dendrocoelum lacteum are very flattened forms and have very high theoretical extensibilities, but very low observed ones. The factors causing this are the thickness of the body-wall musculature (Cerebratulus), the limiting effect of longitudinal and circular reticulin fibres in the muscle layers, and the presence of dorso-ventral and diagonal muscles. Their flattened form is correlated with ecological factors (with swimming in Cerebratulus, with its parasitic life in the mantle of bivalves in Melacobdella) or with physical ones in turbellarians where a permanently flattened form is necessary for these worms to move by ciliary action.

Coordinated righting behaviour in locusts

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Faisal ◽  
T. Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legged Robots ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Low Levels

A locust placed upside down on a flat surface uses a predictable sequence of leg movements to right itself. To analyse this behaviour, we made use of a naturally occurring state of quiescence (thanatosis) to position locusts in a standardised upside-down position from which they spontaneously right themselves. Locusts grasped around the pronotum enter a state of thanatosis during which the limbs can be manipulated into particular postures, where they remain, and the animal can be placed upside down on the ground. When released, thanatosis lasts 4–456 s (mean 73 s) before the animal suddenly becomes active again and rights itself within a further 600 ms. Thanatosis is characterised by very low levels of leg motor activity. During righting, one hind leg provides most of the downward force against the ground that rolls the body around a longitudinal axis towards the other side. The driving force is produced by femoral levation (relative to the body) at the trochanter and by tibial extension. As the animal rolls over, the hind leg on the other side is also levated at the trochanter, so that it does not obstruct the movement. The forelegs and middle legs are not required for successful righting but they can help initially to tip the locust to one side, and at the end of the movement they help stop the roll as the animal turns upright. Individual locusts have a preferred righting direction but can, nevertheless, roll to either side. Locusts falling upside down through the air use both passive and active mechanisms to right themselves before they land. Without active movements, falling locusts tend to rotate into an upright position, but most locusts extend their hind leg tibiae and/or spread their wings, which increases the success of mid-air righting from 28 to 49 % when falling from 30 cm. The rapid and reliable righting behaviour of locusts reduces the time spent in a vulnerable upside-down position. Their narrow body geometry, large hind legs, which can generate substantial dorsally directed force, and the particular patterns of coordinated movements of the legs on both sides of the body are the key features that permit locusts to right themselves effectively. The reliability of autonomous multi-legged robots may be enhanced by incorporating these features into their design.

Potential and Viscous Parts of the Thrust Deduction and Wake Fraction for an Ellipsoid of Revolution

1960 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Stavros Tsakonas ◽  
Winnifred R. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Potential Flow ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Displacement Thickness ◽  
Layer Effect ◽  
Ellipsoid Of Revolution ◽  
Equivalent Sources

Expressions are developed for wake fraction and thrust deduction due to the potential flow and to the boundary-layer effects for a fully-submerged prolate ellipsoid of revolution. The functional dependence of wake fraction and thrust deduction on axial-propeller clearance, body slenderness, after body geometry, and Reynolds number (scale effect) are exhibited for both potential and viscous-flow cases. Closed-form expressions are derived for the potential-flow case by representing the body by a line source-sink distribution and the propeller action by a sink disk. The boundary-layer effect is determined by Lighthill's method of equivalent sources distributed on the surface having strength proportional to the displacement thickness and its derivative. The wake is replaced by a cylinder of diameter equal to twice the displacement thickness at the stern. Although in practice the propeller is usually fully submerged in the wake of the hull, in this case the substitute cylinder has been shown by computation to be no wider than the hub diameter and thus the propeller is operating in a potential field. This consideration is fundamental to the construction of a possible mathematical model having the surface sources mentioned and an equivalent sink on the longitudinal axis whose position is determined on the basis of the velocity distribution in the wake. Computational work is carried out for a modification of the airship Akron. Four different methods, with various degrees of accuracy, are used for the evaluation of the boundary-layer growth in order to ascertain the degree of sensitivity of the thrust deduction and wake fraction to the boundary-layer development.

THERMOGRAPHY – A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
G. Mounika ◽  
K. Sridevi ◽  
B. Krishnaveni ◽  
N. Prasanth Kumar ◽  
N. Harika
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Herpes Labialis ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain ◽  
Thermal Patterns

Thermography is a technique of measurement of skin temperature distribution on the body over a given period of time. It is a noncontact, noninvasive method that utilizes the heat from an object to detect, display, and record thermal patterns and temperature across the surface of the object. Over the years, various devices have been used to measure the amount of heat dissipated by the body and most recently thermography has been emerged to detect the oral and maxillofacial pathologies. It is used to detect malignancies of the maxillofacial region such as vitality of teeth, TMJ disorders, chronic orofacial pain, assessing inferior alveolar nerve decit, and detection of herpes labialis. The present article highlights the history, basic principles, types and applications of thermography and its benecial role in detecting the maxillofacial pathologies in dentistry.

A New Genus and Species of Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) from Costa Rica

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4657 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
CHARLES R. BARTLETT
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
New Genus ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Ventral Margin ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Caudal Margin ◽  
General Appearance

Melaniphax suffusculus gen. et sp. nov. is described from Costa Rica, representing the 57th delphacid species recorded from the country to date. The new genus is superficially similar to Caenodelphax Fennah in general appearance in that the body is uniformly colored with the wings infuscated. Distinctive features of the new taxon include simple, forceps-like gonostyli, a broadly compressed aedeagus with large serrate lateral flanges, and the anal tube bearing a pair of short, stout, truncate, caudally-directed processes on the ventro-caudal margin and slender, elongate processes from the antero-ventral margin. 

Responses of Purkinje cells of cerebellar vermis to sinusoidal rotation of neck

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Denoth ◽  
P. C. Magherini ◽  
O. Pompeiano ◽  
M. Stanojevic
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Neck Rotation ◽  
P Cells

1. The response of Purkinje (P) cells located in the vermal cortex of the cerebellar anterior lobe to sinusoidal rotation of the neck was investigated in precollicular decerebrate cats. The head of the animal was fixed in a sterotaxic frame while the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra was held by a clamp rigidly fixed to the tilting table. It was then possible to elicit a selective neck input by rotating the neck and the body simultaneously along the longitudinal axis of the animal while maintaining the head in horizontal position. 2. Among the 95 P-cells tested for neck stimulation, 35 units showed a mossy fiber (MF) or a climbing fiber (CF) response to sinusoidal rotation of the axis vertebra at the frequency of 0.026 Hz and at the peak amplitude of displacement of 5--10 degrees. The response consisted in a periodic modulation of the discharge frequency during sinusoidal rotation of the neck. Most of these units were excited during side-down rotation of the neck, but were inhibited during side-up rotation. 3. The threshold amplitude of neck rotation responsible for the MF-induced responses varied in different units from 1 to 3 degrees at the frequency of 0.026 Hz. The sensitivity of the units, expressed in percentage change of the average firing rate per degree of displacement, either did not change or very slightly decreased as a result of increasing amplitude of stimulation from 1--3 degrees to 10--15 degrees at the frequency of 0.026 Hz or by increasing frequency of neck rotation from 0.015 to 0.15 Hz at the amplitude of neck displacement of 5--10 degrees. 4. Changes in amplitude or frequency of stimulation at the parameters reported above did not greatly modify the phase of the unit responses relative to the side-down position of the neck. These findings indicate that the MF and CF responses of P-cells to sinusoidal rotation of the neck depended on changes in neck position and not on changes in velocity of neck rotation. 5. The observation that the majority of responding P-cells located in the vermal cortex of the cerebellar anterior lobe increased their firing rate during side-down rotation of the neck is discussed in relation to the results of stimulation and lesion experiments, indicating that postural changes can be elicited either during asymmetric stimulation of neck receptors or by unilateral interruption of the neck afferents.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MANDIBULAR FORAMEN AND INCIDENCE OF ACCESSORY MANDIBULAR FORAMINA IN ADULT HUMAN MANDIBLES OF AN INDIAN POPULATION. Análisis morfométrico del foramen mandibular e incidencia de la foramina mandibular accesoria en mandíbulas adult

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajna Paramita Samanta ◽  
Poonam Kharb
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Mandibular Ramus ◽  
Oral Surgical Procedures ◽  
Mandibular Foramen ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Mandibular Notch

El foramen mandibular es un importante hito anatómico. Para procedimientos como el bloqueo alveolar inferior del nervio, el tratamiento con implantes y osteotomías mandibulares, un profundo conocimiento de la ubicación del foramen mandibular (MF) y el foramen mandibular accesorio (AMF) es un requisito previo. Hay pocas referencias en la literatura con respecto a la localización anatómica exacta del foramen mandibular. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la ubicación exacta de la MF y la incidencia de la AMF alrededor MF en una población india. Sesenta (60) mandíbulas humanas adultas fueron estudiadas para determinar la distancia del LV de la los anteriores, bordes posteriores de la rama mandibular, maxilar inferior categoría y el ángulo de la mandíbula. AMF todo el MF también fueron estudiados por su presencia y números. La distancia media de MF del borde anterior de rama mandibular fue 15,72 ±2,92 mm(lado derecho), 16,23 ±2,88 mm(lado izquierdo), de borde posterior fue 13,29 ±1,74 mm(lado derecho) y 12,73 ±2,04 mm(a la izquierda lado). La MF se encuentra 22,70 ±3 mm(lado derecho) y 22, 27 ± 2,62 mm(lado izquierdo) de la muesca mandibular. La distancia de MF de ángulo de la mandíbula fue 21,54 ±2,92 mm(lado derecho) y 21,13 ±3.43 mm(lado izquierdo). AMF estuvieron presentes en el 16, 66% de las mandíbulas. En 10% de las mandíbulas una sola AMF estaba presente y en el 6,66% hubo dos agujeros presentes. La ubicación del MF y AMF es importante para evitar compli-caciones como hemorragia y parestesia durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos orales y también para los radioterapeutas en la planificación de la radioterapia.  The mandibular foramen is an important anatomical land mark. For procedures like inferior alveolar nerve block, implant treatment and mandibular osteotomies, a thorough knowledge of the location of the mandibular foramen (MF) and accessory mandibular foramina (AMFs) is a prerequisite. There are few references in the literature regarding the exact anatomical location of the mandibular foramen. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify the precise location of the MF and the incidence of AMFs around MF in an Indian population. Sixty (60) adult human mandibles were studied to determine the distance of the MF from the anterior, posterior borders of the mandibular ramus, mandibular notch and angle of the mandible. AMFs around the MF were also studied for their presence and numbers. The average distance of MF from the anterior border of mandibular ramus was 15.72 ±2.92 mm(right side), 16.23 ±2.88 mm(left side), from posterior border was 13.29  ±1.74 mm(right side) and 12.73 ±2.04 mm(left side).The MF was located 22.70 ±3 mm(right side) and  22.27 ±2.62 mm(left side) from mandibular notch. The distance of MF from angle of mandible was 21.54 ±2.92 mm(right side) and 21.13 ±3.43 mm(left side). AMFs were present in 16.66% of mandibles. In 10% mandibles a single AMF was present and in 6.66 % double foramina were present. Location of MF and AMF is important to avoid complications like hemorrhage and paresthesia during oral surgical procedures and also for radiotherapists in planning radiation therapy. 

scholarly journals P.063 Stereotactic targeting of hippocampal substructures using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging: Feasibility study in patients with epilepsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (s2) ◽  
pp. S32-S33
Author(s):  
JC Lau ◽  
J DeKraker ◽  
KW MacDougall ◽  
H Joswig ◽  
AG Parrent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
High Field ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Ultra High Field

Background: The hippocampus can be divided longitudinally into the head, body, and tail; and unfolded medial-to-laterally into the subiculum, cornu ammonis (CA) sectors, and the dentate gyrus. Ultra-high field (≥ 7 Tesla; 7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables submillimetric visualization of these hippocampal substructures which could be valuable for surgical targeting. Here, we assess the feasibility of using 7T MRI in conjunction with a novel computational unfolding method for image-based stereotactic targeting of hippocampal substructures. Methods: 53 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were identified undergoing first-time implantation of the hippocampus. An image processing pipeline was created for computationally transforming post-operative electrode contact locations into our hippocampal coordinate system. Results: Of 178 implanted hippocampal electrodes (88 left; 49.4%), 25 (14.0%) were predominantly in the subiculum, 85 (47.8%) were in CA1, 23 (12.9%) were in CA2, 18 (10.1%) were in CA3/CA4, and 27 (15.2%) were in dentate gyrus. Along the longitudinal axis, hippocampal electrodes were most commonly implanted in the body (92; 51.7%) followed by the head (86; 48.3%). Conclusions: 7T MRI enables high-resolution anatomical imaging on the submillimeter scale in in vivo subjects. Here, we demonstrate the utility of 7T imaging for identifying the relative location of SEEG electrode implantations within hippocampal substructures for the invasive investigation of epilepsy.

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