scholarly journals Pollination ecology of Derris trifoliata (Fabaceae), a mangrove associate in Coringa Mangrove Forest, Andhra Pradesh, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 8788
Author(s):  
A.J. Solomon Raju ◽  
Rajendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Tidal Water ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Pollination Mode ◽  
Air Cavities ◽  
Mangrove Associate ◽  
Do So

Derris trifoliata is a perennial woody climber.  It blooms massively for about two weeks in July/August. The flowers are hermaphroditic, feebly protandrous, self-compatible and display a vector dependent mixed breeding system.  They close back by the end of the day of anthesis.  The forenoon anthesis and pollen and nectar as rewards attract daytime foragers.  The nectar feeding foragers require strength to depress the keel petals in order to collect nectar; only those foragers which have the required strength to do so can collect nectar and in the process trip the floral mechanism and effect pollination. When floral explosion occurs, the pollen is somewhat exposed and the pollen feeding foragers then collect it.  Both long- and short-tongued bees trip the flowers, collect nectar and effect pollination. Individual flowers that were not tripped by insects set fruit to negligible level.  In open-pollination mode, fruit set rate is up to 30-31% only despite the flowers being visited by insect pollinators.  Fruits mature quickly within a month.  Each fruit contains 1-3 seeds against 6 linearly arranged ovules in the ovary.  The fruits are leathery and possess air cavities, the characteristics of which enable them to float in tidal water.  They settle at the parent plant if the site is partly or fully exposed or float for dispersal if the site is inundated with tidal water.  Seed release occurs when fruits absorb water and the pericarp breaks.  Seeds germinate only when they reach a suitable habitat in mangroves.   

scholarly journals Reproductive Ecology of Acanthus ilicifolius L., a Non-Viviparous Mangrove Associate in Coringa Mangrove Forest, Andhra Pradesh (India)

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri ◽  
Rajesh Bethapudi ◽  
Prasada Rao Chappidi
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Reproductive Ecology ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽  
Mangrove Associate

Abstract Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is an evergreen non-viviparous mangrove associate. It is hermaphroditic, strongly protandrous, self-compatible, facultative xenogamous, temporally dioecious and melittophilous. The floral mechanism is highly specialized and adapted for pollination by large-bodied bees. The natural fruit set is below 30%. The fruits mature within a month and usually contain four seeds. The fruit is a capsule and splits explosively in the dorsi-ventral plane ejecting the seeds away. This makes it anemochorous. The gregarious occurrence of the plant at the study site is attributed to propagation by seed and vegetative modes.

scholarly journals Comparative morphology of the mouthparts of the megadiverse South African monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini): feeding adaptations and guild structure

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Karolyi ◽  
Teresa Hansal ◽  
Harald W. Krenn ◽  
Jonathan F. Colville
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Floral Tissue ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Feeding Adaptations

Although anthophilous Coleoptera are regarded to be unspecialised flower-visiting insects, monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini) represent one of the most important groups of pollinating insects in South Africa’s floristic hotspot of the Greater Cape Region. South African monkey beetles are known to feed on floral tissue; however, some species seem to specialise on pollen and/or nectar. The present study examined the mouthpart morphology and gut content of various hopliine species to draw conclusions on their feeding preferences. According to the specialisations of their mouthparts, the investigated species were classified into different feeding groups. Adaptations to pollen-feeding included a well-developed, toothed molar and a lobe-like, setose lacinia mobilis on the mandible as well as curled hairs or sclerotized teeth on the galea of the maxillae. Furthermore, elongated mouthparts were interpreted as adaptations for nectar feeding. Floral- and folial-tissue feeding species showed sclerotized teeth on the maxilla, but the lacinia was mostly found to be reduced to a sclerotized ledge. While species could clearly be identified as floral or folial tissue feeding, several species showed intermediate traits suggesting both pollen and nectar feeding adaptations. Mismatches found between mouthpart morphology and previously reported flower visiting behaviours across different genera and species requires alternative explanations, not necessarily associated with feeding preferences. Although detailed examinations of the mouthparts allowed conclusions about the feeding preference and flower-visiting behaviour, additional morphological and behavioural investigations, combined with greater taxon sampling and phylogenetic data, are still necessary to fully understand hopliine host plant relationships, related to monkey beetle diversity.

scholarly journals Ambophily in the Dioecious Weedy Mangrove Associate, Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorbiaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Henry Jonathan Karamsetty ◽  
Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Reproductive Assurance ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Fail Safe ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Mangrove Associate

Abstract Excoecaria agallocha is a deciduous tree species dispersed as mangrove associate in oligohaline to polyhaline areas of the mangrove forest. The existence of male and female tree ratio is 2:1. The ratio of male to female flowers is 16:1. It is an constrained out-crosser and is pollinated by insects like bees, flies, butterflies, and wind, which constitute ambophily. Anemophily make certain the realization of sexual reproduction if the insect pollinators are nor present and such a breeding system is a “fail-safe” strategy for reproductive assurance during colonization. Natural fruit set rate is 92%. Fruit predation by Chrysocoris partricius is 25%; it consumes the fruits prior to their fall from the mother plant. This tree species occupies the cleared or open areas within the mangrove forest and acts as an invasive mangrove associate.

Influence of pollination mode on fruit set in plum (Prunus domestica)

2016 ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Đorđević ◽  
R. Cerović ◽  
S. Radičević ◽  
D. Nikolić ◽  
S. Marić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Pollination Mode

Observations on Transversotrema patialensis (Soparkar, 1924) (Trematoda) from Waltair, Andhra Pradesh (India)

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hanumantha Rao ◽  
P. N. Ganapati
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Do So

Cercaria patialensis Soparkar, 1924, emerging from the snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller) has been encountered at Waltair. The cercariae begin to emerge from the snail at dusk and continue to do so during the period of darkness.Stages resembling the adult but without the development of eggs have been encountered in nature on the fresh water fishes Panchax panchax (Ham. & Buch.) and Esomus danricus (Bleeker). These stages have also been raised experimentally by exposing P. panchax, E. danricus and fingerlings of Catla catla Ham. & Buch. to the cercariae.The cercaria is referable to the genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944.It is suggested that there may not be a metacercarial stage in the life-cycle of Transversotrema spp.

Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) Based on Dna Hybridization, With Evidence for Bat Monophyly

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAW Kirsch ◽  
TF Flannery ◽  
MS Springer ◽  
FJ Lapointe
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Ordinal Level

We constructed DNA-hybridisation matrices comparing 18 genera of Megachiroptera and an outgroup microchiropteran, and eight species of Pteropus and two related genera. Three species each of Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera, two of Primates, and an outgroup armadillo were compared in another matrix; additional representatives of other mammalian orders figured in a further set of experiments. Among the megachiropterans examined, Nyctimene and Paranyctimene comprise the sister-group to other pteropodids. Of the 'macroglossines', only Macroglossus and Syconycteris are associated apart from typical pteropodines, while the four remaining nectar-feeders (Eonycteris, Megaloglossus, Melonycteris, Notopteris) are independently linked with non-nectar-feeding clades. Thus, Megaloglossus is the nearest relative of Lissonycteris, with Epomophorus and Rousettus successive sister-groups to both, while Eonycteris is the sister of all four; Melonycteris and Pteralopex form a trichotomy with the closely related Acerodon and Pteropus, and Notopteris is the sister-taxon to all four. It therefore appears that anatomical specialisations for nectar- and pollen-feeding evolved (or were lost) several times within Pteropodidae. Cynopterus and Dobsonia represent additional clades within the Pteropodinae, with which Thoopterus and Aproteles are respectively paired. Comparisons among species of Pteropus and related genera suggest that Acerodon may be congeneric with Pteropus, but that Pteralopex clearly is not. The ordinal-level matrices support bat monophyly: no order tested is closer to either of the chiropteran suborders than they are to each other, and bats are separated from Primates by at least two nodes. On the basis of previous rate determinations for mammals, we estimate that the African grouping (Epomophorus, Megaloglossus, Lissonycteris) is mid-Miocene in origin, that the two major pteropodid subfamilies (Nyctimeninae and Pteropodinae, including 'Macroglossinae') separated in the Early Miocene, and that the divergence of chiropteran suborders dates from the latest Cretaceous or earliest Palaeocene. Arrangement of genera within Pteropodidae supports the family's Australo-Pacific or south-east Asian origin.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the reproductive success of Theobroma Cacao L (malvaceae) undernatural and manual pollination

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Pollination Mode ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Paired T Test

The reproductive successes under natural and manual pollination were assessed. Two cocoa farms around Bobiri Forest Reserve, in the Ejisu-Juabeng District Ghana were purposively selected. Fifteen percent of open flowers from five selected cocoa trees were subjected to manual-pollination and total exclusion. Ninety pods under natural pollination were compared with ninety pods under manually pollination. Proximate analysis was carried out to evaluate the macronutrients of cocoa pod and seeds produced under the two pollination modes. Results show that pollinator exclusion significantly decreased fruit set (df=2, X2 =12.5, P=0.00) and flower set (df= 2, F=25.2, P=0.00) (P=0.00). Pod weights and seed numbers significantly differed (V=0.049, F (4.49)=0.986, p<0.01, eta squared=0.049) irrespective of pod size and mode of pollination, however, there were individual differences. Weights of small pods did not differ (p>0.05) under the two pollination regimes, however, weights of medium size pods (p < 0.05) and that of the large pods (<0.05) produced under the two regimes of pollination differed. Number of beans and the size of pods did not differ under the two modes of pollination. Linear relationship existed between weight (y) and seed number (x) of individual pods: Y=18.56 + 0.016x; R2 =0.45. Macronutrients of pods and seeds did not differ (paired t test= 4.08, 29 d. f.; P=0.12) under the two pollination mode. The study concluded that natural pollination contributed to cocoa production.

scholarly journals Pollination ecology and fruiting behavior of Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceae), a keystone shrub species in the southern Eastern Ghats forest, Andhra Pradesh, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 9155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Solomon Raju ◽  
M. Mallikarjuna Rao ◽  
K. Venkata Ramana ◽  
C. Prasada Rao ◽  
M. Sulakshana
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Eastern Ghats ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Secondary Pollen Presentation ◽  
Pollen Presentation

Pavetta indica is a massive bloomer for a brief period in May.  The flowers are hermaphroditic, strikingly protandrous, self and cross-compatible, nectariferous and psychophilous.  They possess secondary pollen presentation mechanism as a device to avoid autonomous autogamy but it does not prevent geitonogamy.  The fruit set largely occurs through geitonogamy and xenogamy.  Butterflies, especially papilionids, pierids, nymphalids, and sphingid hawk moth pollinate the flowers while collecting nectar.  Honey bees and blue-banded digger bees feed on pollen and effect only accidental pollination.  The nectar is sucrose-rich and contains essential and non-essential amino acids.  Birds are seed dispersal agents. Seeds are non-dormant and germinate readily during rainy season but their continued growth and establishment is subject to the availability of soil moisture and nutrients.  The plant is not able to populate itself in its natural area.  The local uses of different parts of the plant have been found to be affecting its reproductive success and natural regeneration rate.  Therefore, regulation of the uses of this plant is recommended for its survival and restoration of its population size in the natural areas due to its role as a keystone species for bees and butterflies during dry season. 

Activity and foraging behaviour of the hoverfly Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) in protected cultivation of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
M. Sánchez ◽  
Y. Velásquez ◽  
M. González ◽  
J. Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract The hoverfly Eristalinus aeneus is an important pollinator of crops and wild plants. However, there is a lack of detailed information about its foraging behaviour and its potential as a managed pollinator of mango. Given the growing economic importance of protected cultivation of mango, our aim is to study the flight activity and foraging behaviour of E. aeneus on this crop. Eristalinus aeneus displayed a bimodal daily activity, with peaks during mid-morning and mid-afternoon. The activity was maintained over a wide range of temperature (from 17.8 up to 37.4°C), light intensity (from 8.2 up to 57.4 klux) and relative humidity (from 19.0 up to 88.8%). The syrphids were active most of the time in this crop, and we observed five different types of activity: foraging (67%), resting (17%), flying (10%), grooming (4%) and walking (2%). This hoverfly visited hermaphrodite flowers more often than male flowers. On average, it visited 36.46 ± 13.92 flowers per 5 min, with a higher number of floral visits for nectar feeding. The duration of the visits to hermaphrodite and male flowers was similar but pollen-feeding visits lasted longer (6.44 s per flower) than nectar-feeding ones (5.51 s per flower). The highest number of visits to mango inflorescences was observed during the morning, but the longest visits occurred at midday. The implication of these results for the potential use of E. aeneus as a managed pollinator in protected cultivation of mango is discussed.

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