Abstract P262: Weight Gain with Aerobic Exercise Training Results from Increased Fat and Lean Mass

Hypothesis: Weight gained in response to aerobic exercise represents an increase in lean mass. Methods: Participants from the exercise group (n=68) of the Inflammation and Exercise (INFLAME) study had fat mass, lean mass, and weight measured at baseline and at follow-up. Fat mass and lean mass were measured using DXA. Changes in lean mass and fat mass were quantified across tertiles of weight change in the exercise training group and were analyzed using generalized linear models with adjustment for baseline value. Results: are presented as least squares means with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Overall, participants exhibited a mean (range) weight change of –0.73 kg (–9.00, 7.00; n=68) following exercise training. Tertiles of mean (range) weight change were: tertile 1 (most weight loss) –3.40 kg (–9.00,–1.50; n=23), tertile 2 (some weight loss) –0.70 kg (–1.30, –0.10; n=22), and tertile 3 (weight gain) 1.93 kg (0, 7.00; n=23). For those in tertile 3, we observed a significant increase (p<0.0001) in lean mass of 0.91 kg (95% CI, 0.48, 1.34) compared to those who lost weight −0.85 kg (−1.28,−0.42) in tertile 1 and −0.52 kg (−0.97,−0.08) in tertile 2. However, no significant difference in lean mass change was seen between the two weight loss tertiles. We also observed a significant increase in fat mass in participants who gained weight (tertile 3) 1.07 kg (0.41, 1.73) while those who lost the most weight (tertile 1) −2.55 kg (−3.21,−1.89) had a significant decrease in fat mass. Participants who experienced some weight loss (tertile 2) showed no significant change in fat mass, −0.24 kg (−0.91, 0.44). Conclusion: Weight gained with aerobic exercise training cannot be attributed to increased lean mass only. Our findings suggest that adults who gained weight with exercise showed significant increases in both fat and lean mass.

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Examining Bone, Muscle and Fat in Middle-Aged Long-Term Endurance Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9020522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 522

Author(s):

Ulrike H. Mitchell ◽

Bruce Bailey ◽

Patrick J. Owen

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Endurance Runners ◽

Total Body

Aerobic exercise training has many known cardiovascular benefits that may promote healthy aging. It is not known if long-term aerobic exercise training is also associated with structural benefits (e.g., lower fat mass, higher areal bone mineral density (BMD) and greater muscle mass). We evaluated these parameters in middle-aged long-term endurance runners compared to sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched non-running controls. Total and regional lean and fat mass and areal BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sagittal magnetic resonance images captured the cross-sectional area and thickness of the lumbar multifidus. Runners (n = 10; all male) had a mean (standard deviation; SD) age of 49 (4) years, height of 178.9 (4.9) cm, weight of 67.8 (5.8) kg, body mass index (BMI) of 21.4 (1.4) kg/m2 and had been running 82.6 (27.9) km/week for 23 (13) years. Controls (n = 9) had a mean (SD) age of 51 (5) years, height of 176.0 (5.1) cm, weight of 72.8 (7.1) kg, and BMI of 23.7 (2.1) kg/m2. BMI was greater in controls (p = 0.010). When compared to controls on average, runners had a 10 percentage-point greater total body lean mass than controls (p = 0.001) and 14% greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.010), as well as less total body (8.6 kg; p < 0.001), arm (58%; p = 0.002), leg (52%; p < 0.001), trunk (73%; p < 0.001), android (91%; p < 0.001), and gynoid fat mass (64%; p < 0.001). No differences were observed between groups for BMD outcomes or multifidus size. These results underscore the benefits of endurance running to body composition that carry over to middle-age.

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Abstract P137: Aerobic, Resistance or Combination Exercise Training does not Reduce C-Reactive Protein Levels in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap137 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Damon L Swift ◽

Neil M Johannsen ◽

Conrad P Earnest ◽

Steven N Blair ◽

Timothy S Church

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Reactive Protein

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels (CRP), which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise training especially with weight/adiposity reduction has been shown to improve CRP, however few studies have evaluated the effect of other exercise training modalities (aerobic, resistance or combination training) on CRP in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that combination training will improve CRP to a greater extent than other modalities of exercise training, and change in CRP levels will be associated with changes in weight and adiposity. Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of the Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (HART-D) study. Participants (n=204) were randomized to aerobic exercise (aerobic), resistance exercise (resistance) or a combination of both (combination) for nine months. Results: Baseline CRP was correlated with fat mass, waist circumference, BMI, and inversely correlated with VO2 peak (p<0.05). CRP was not reduced in the aerobic (0.16 mg•L-1, 95% CI: -1.0, 1.3), resistance (-0.03 mg•L-1, 95% CI: -1.1, 1.0) or combination (-0.49 mg•L-1, 95% CI: -1.5 to 0.6) groups compared to control (0.35 mg•L-1, 95% CI: -1.0, 1.7). Change in CRP was associated with change in fasting glucose (r=0.20, p= 0.009), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (r=0.21 p=0.005), and fat mass (r=0.19, p=0.016), but not change in fitness or weight (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, aerobic, resistance or a combination of both did not reduce CRP levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, exercise related improvements in HbA1C, fasting glucose, and fat mass were associated with reductions in CRP.

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Change in Bone Mineral Density During Weight Loss with Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise Training in Older Adults

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glx048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 1582-1585 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kristen M Beavers ◽

Daniel P Beavers ◽

Sarah B Martin ◽

Anthony P Marsh ◽

Mary F Lyles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Older Adults ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Mineral Density

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Effects of Weight Loss vs Aerobic Exercise Training on Risk Factors for Coronary Disease in Healthy, Obese, Middle-aged and Older Men

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1995.03530240025035 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 274 (24) ◽

pp. 1915 ◽

Cited By ~ 160

Author(s):

Leslie I. Katzel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Coronary Disease ◽

Older Men ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Healthy Obese

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.725357121.793504241 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Arun Sanyal

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training

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Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.4.e562 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 272 (4) ◽

pp. E562-E566 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M. S. Hickey ◽

J. A. Houmard ◽

R. V. Considine ◽

G. L. Tyndall ◽

J. B. Midgette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽

Serum Leptin ◽

Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels in humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) who did not differ in aerobic capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 +/- 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 +/- 1.12 vs. 4.88 +/- 0.55) were studied. Fat mass was significantly lower in females vs. males (21.83 +/- 2.25 vs. 26.99 +/- 2.37 kg, P < 0.05). Despite this, fasting serum leptin was significantly higher in the females vs. males (18.27 +/- 2.55 vs. 9.88 +/- 1.26 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Serum leptin concentration decreased 17.5% in females (P < 0.05) after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (4 day/wk, 30-45 min/day) but was not significantly reduced in males. Fat mass was not altered after training in either group. In contrast, both aerobic capacity (+13% males, +9.1% females) and insulin sensitivity (+35% males, +82% females) were significantly improved subsequent to training. These data suggest that 1) women have higher circulating leptin concentrations despite lower fat mass and 2) exercise training appears to have a greater effect on systemic leptin levels in females than in males.

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