Phonotactic Knowledge and Lexical-Semantic Processing in One-year-olds: Brain Responses to Words and Nonsense Words in Picture Contexts

During their first year of life, infants not only acquire probabilistic knowledge about the phonetic, prosodic, and phonotactic organization of their native language, but also begin to establish first lexical-semantic representations. The present study investigated the sensitivity to phonotactic regularities and its impact on semantic processing in 1-year-olds. We applied the method of event-related brain potentials to 12-and 19-month-old children and to an adult control group. While looking at pictures of known objects, subjects listened to spoken nonsense words that were phonotactically legal (pseudowords) or had phonotactically illegal word onsets (nonwords), or to real words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture contents. In 19-month-olds and in adults, incongruous words and pseudowords, but not non-words, elicited an N400 known to reflect mechanisms of semantic integration. For congruous words, the N400 was attenuated by semantic priming. In contrast, 12-month-olds did not show an N400 difference, neither between pseudo-and nonwords nor between incongruous and congruous words. Both 1-year-old groups and adults additionally displayed a lexical priming effect for congruous words, that is, a negativity starting around 100 msec after words onset. One-year-olds, moreover, displayed a phonotactic familiarity effect, that is, a widely distributed negativity starting around 250 msec in 19-month-olds but occurring later in 12-month-olds. The results imply that both lexical priming and phonotactic familiarity already affect the processing of acoustic stimuli in children at 12 months of age. In 19-month-olds, adult-like mechanisms of semantic integration are present in response to phonotactically legal, but not to phonotactically illegal, nonsense words, indicating that children at this age treat pseudo-words, but not nonwords, as potential word candidates.

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When dogs meow: an electrophysiological study of lexical-semantic processing in toddlers

10.31234/osf.io/wc24h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mirella Manfredi ◽

Moritz M. Daum

Keyword(s):

Semantic Processing ◽

Electrophysiological Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Older Children ◽

N400 Effect ◽

Brain Potentials ◽

Lexical Information ◽

Lexical Semantic ◽

Two Age Groups

The goal of this study was to investigate lexical–semantic processing at an early phase of language development. Adults often communicate with children using infant-directed speech that typically involves lexical and syntactic modifications such as onomatopoeias (Soderstrom, 2007).Here we asked how and when children start to show an advantage for processing conventional linguistic forms, such as common nouns, and consequently decreasing sensitivity to onomatopoeias. We recorded event-related brain potentials in children of two age groups (16 to 20 months and 24 to 30 months) and in an adult control group during the presentation of the four conditions in which either common nouns or onomatopoeias were presented auditorily followed by either a congruent or incongruent image. The younger children showed a N400 effect only for onomatopoeic words, while the older children showed a N400 effect only for common nouns. The adults show N400 for onomatopoeia and nouns. These different N400 effects suggest that these categories are differently organized in children’s semantic memory and that the acquisition of linguistic abilities affects and modifies semantic processing of different lexical information.

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Teething Symptoms in the First Year of Life and Associated Factors: A Cohort Study

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.34.3.h318882h52616225 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 201-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carlos Alberto Feldens ◽

Italo Medeiros Faraco Junior ◽

Andréia Bertani Ottoni ◽

Eliane Gerson Feldens ◽

Márcia Regina Vítolo

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

First Year ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Self Medication ◽

Nuclear Families ◽

Dental Examination ◽

Pediatric Dentists ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life

Objective: To investigate the occurrence and management of teething symptoms during the first year of life and associated factors. Study design: 500 children were recruited at birth. Research assessments including structured interviews, anthropometric measurements and dental examination were carried out after birth, at 6 months and at one-year of age. The primary outcome of this study was defined as the occurrence of one or more teething symptoms within the first year of life, as reported by the mother. Results: Teething symptoms were reported in 73% of the children analyzed (273/375). The symptoms most frequently reported were irritability (40.5%), fever (38.9%), diarrhoea (36.0%) and itching (33.6%). Dentists had little influence on the management of symptoms and self-medication to relieve them was a common practice. The risk of reporting teething symptoms was higher for children from nuclear families (p=0.040) and for children from families with higher income (p=0.040). Conclusions: Teething symptoms were highly reported in this population. Pediatric dentists should be accessible and provide adequate orientation when symptoms can be managed at home or immediate referral to health services when more serious diseases are suspected.

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ADENOVIRUS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY TITERS FROM BIRTH THROUGH THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.32.4.497 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 497-500

Author(s):

Rosa Lee Nemir ◽

Donna O'Hare ◽

Stanley Goldstein ◽

Charles B. Hilton

Keyword(s):

Cytopathic Effect ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

First Year ◽

Placental Barrier ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Level 1 ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life

Complement fixing antibody titers to the adenoviruses were determined in 251 newborn infants, using cord blood. Approximately 95% of these were found to have CF titers of 1:16 or over, the majority (75%) were 1:32 or more. Material from the pharyngeal and rectal swabs of these infants on tissue culture studies (542) on HeLa and amnion cells showed no cytopathic effect in oven 96% of these infants. A longitudinal study of 114 of these infants was made at 3 months intervals; 67 have been observed for one year. At 3 months, only 12% still showed CF antibody titers, and these were chiefly at a low level, 1:16. At the subsequent 3-month interval observations, a gradual rise in CF antibodies were found. At one year of age, approximately 37% had titers of 1:32 on over. The findings of this report support the statement that CF antibodies to adenovirus pass the placental barrier. There is a gradual increase in the percentage of infants with positive CF antibodies after 3 months.

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Use of Trained Mothers to Teach Interviewing Skills to First-Year Medical Students: A Follow-up Study

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.60.2.165 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 165-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paula L. Stillman ◽

Darrell L. Sabers ◽

Doris L. Redfield

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

School Curriculum ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Feedback Session ◽

Optimal Learning ◽

Interviewing Skills ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Medical Students

This report describes an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of "trained mother" interviews early in the medical school curriculum. As an adjunct to a first-year course that teaches interviewing techniques, half of the students were exposed to an interview with one of three trained mothers early in the course. This treatment interview was immediately followed by a feedback session which concentrated on the content and process of interviewing. At the end of the course, all students had an evaluative interview. Those students who had an initial interview and feedback session with a trained mother scored significantly higher on both the content and process of their interviews than the control group. This technique is an effective and efficient way to teach interviewing skills to medical students prior to entering any of their clinical clerkships. A follow-up assessment conducted one year later indicated that one interview with a trained mother is sufficient for optimal learning and that the skills learned are retained over at least that period of time.

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Auditory temporal abilities in children with history of recurrent otitis media in the first years of life and persistent in preschool and school ages

CoDAS ◽

10.1590/2317-1782/20142014008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 494-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Priscila Cruvinel Villa ◽

Sthella Zanchetta

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Temporal Frequency ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Normal Range ◽

Frequency Pattern ◽

History Of ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Recurrent Otitis Media

PURPOSE: To study the temporal auditory ordering and resolution abilities in children with and without a history of early OME and ROME, as well as to study the responses according to age. METHODS: A total of 59 children were evaluated, and all of them presented pure tone thresholds within the normal range at the time of the conduction of the hearing tests. The children were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of episodes of recurrent otitis media. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups according to age: 7- and 8-year olds, and 9- and 10-year olds. All children were assessed with standard tests of temporal frequency (ordination) and gaps-in-noise (resolution). RESULTS: For the temporal abilities studied, children with a history of otitis media presented significantly lower results compared to the control group. In the frequency pattern test, the correct answers increased with age in both groups. In the identification of silence intervals, the control group showed no change in threshold regarding to age, but this change was present in the group with a history of otitis media. CONCLUSION: Episodes of otitis media with effusion in the first year of life, recurrent and persistent in preschool and school ages, negatively influence the temporal ordering and resolution abilities.

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In congenital hypothyroidism bone maturation at birth may be a predictive factor of psychomotor development during the first Year of life irrespective of other variables related to treatment

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1490001 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

M Wasniewska ◽

F De Luca ◽

A Cassio ◽

N Oggiaro ◽

P Gianino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽

Psychomotor Development ◽

First Year ◽

X Rays ◽

Bone Maturation ◽

Gestation Age ◽

Group A ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Tsh Levels

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in a cohort of infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH): (a) the frequency of bone maturation (BM) retardation at birth and (b) whether BM delay at birth may be considered as a tool to make a prognosis of psychomotor status at the age of 1 Year, irrespective of other variables related to treatment. DESIGN: BM at birth, CH severity and developmental quotient (DQ) at the age of 1 Year were retrospectively evaluated in 192 CH infants selected by the following inclusion criteria: (a) gestation age ranging between 38 and 42 weeks; (b) onset of therapy within the first Month of life; (c) initial thyroxine (l-T(4)) dosage ranging from 10 to 12 microg/kg/day; (d) normalization of serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels before the age of 3 Months; (e) Monthly adjustments of l-T(4) dose during the first Year of life with serum TSH levels ranging from 0.5 to 4 mIU/l; (f) no major diseases and/or physical handicaps associated with CH; (g) availability of both thyroid scanning and knee X-rays at the time of treatment initiation; (h) availability of DQ assessment at an average age of 12 Months. METHODS: BM was considered normal if the distal femur bony nucleus diameter exceeded 3 mm (group A) or retarded if either this nucleus was absent (subgroup B1) or its diameter was <3 mm (subgroup B2). DQ was evaluated with the Brunet-Lezine test. RESULTS: In 44.3% of cases BM was either delayed (23.5%) or severely delayed (20.8%). The risk of BM retardation was higher in the patients with athyreosis than in the remaining patients (41/57 vs 44/135, chi(2)=25.13, P<0.005). BM-retarded infants showed a more severe biochemical picture of CH at birth and a lower DQ at the age of one Year compared with the group A patients. If compared with infants of subgroup B2 those of subgroup B1 exhibited significantly lower T(4) levels at birth and a more frequent association with athyreosis (70.0 vs 30.0%; chi(2)=7.49, P<0.01), whereas DQ was superimposable in both subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: (a) BM at birth is delayed in almost half of CH patients and (b) CH severity per se can affect DQ at the age of 1 Year irrespective of other variables related to therapy.

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The time-course of morphosyntactic and semantic priming in late bilinguals: A study of German adjectives

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728916000055 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 435-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

SINA BOSCH ◽

HELENA KRAUSE ◽

ALINA LEMINEN

Keyword(s):

Semantic Processing ◽

Time Course ◽

Semantic Information ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Native Speaker ◽

Behavioral Experiment ◽

Lexical Semantic ◽

Brain Responses ◽

L2 Learners ◽

Spatially Extended

How do late proficient bilinguals process morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic information in their non-native language (L2)? How is this information represented in the L2 mental lexicon? And what are the neural signatures of L2 morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic processing? We addressed these questions in one behavioral and two ERP priming experiments on inflected German adjectives testing a group of advanced late Russian learners of German in comparison to native speaker (L1) controls. While in the behavioral experiment, the L2 learners performed native-like, the ERP data revealed clear L1/L2 differences with respect to the temporal dynamics of grammatical processing. Specifically, our results show that L2 morphosyntactic processing yielded temporally and spatially extended brain responses relative to L1 processing, indicating that grammatical processing of inflected words in an L2 is more demanding and less automatic than in the L1. However, this group of advanced L2 learners showed native-like lexical-semantic processing.

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HEMATOPOIESIS IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF IRON AND OF ANIMAL-PROTEIN FACTOR

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.16.6.753 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 753-762

Author(s):

James A. Wolff ◽

Alice M. Goodfellow

Keyword(s):

Premature Infants ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Iron Therapy ◽

First Year ◽

Protein Factor ◽

Anemia Of Prematurity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Weight Groups

Normal values in the first 3 months of life have been determined for hemoglobin, erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, leukocytes and differential counts for premature infants with birth weights less than 1200 gm., and for those between 1200 and 1500 gm. at birth. No significant difference was found in the degree of depression of levels of hemoglobin and erythrocytes when values in the 2 weight groups were compared. Two reticulocyte peaks occur during the first 3 months of life. The first peak is present immediately after birth. The second peak, at about the eighth week, coincides with the occurrence of the greatest degree of anemia. Neither iron therapy nor treatment with animal-protein factor containing vitamin B12 and Aureomycin®, started before the end of the third week of life, had a statistically significant effect on the early phase of the anemia of prematurity. Untreated premature infants and those given animal-protein factor were anemic at the end of the first year of life. Subjects given iron therapy had normal hemoglobin values at one year of age. Blood transfusion is rarely necessary in the treatment of the anemia of prematurity.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in a Twin: A Comparison of Sibling Histories

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.78.1.146 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 146-150

Author(s):

A. Kahn ◽

D. Blum ◽

M. F. Muller ◽

L. Montauk ◽

A. Bochner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽

Infant Death ◽

Sudden Infant Death ◽

Clinical Risk Factor ◽

Control Group ◽

Sudden Infant ◽

First Year ◽

Control Infant ◽

The Mean ◽

First Year Of Life

To determine possible characteristics of infant victims of sudden death, we examined 114 items related to the pre- and postnatal histories of 42 pairs of twins one of whom died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) leaving a surviving sibling. Interviews with the parents were conducted after the occurrence of SIDS, and the data were checked with records held by gynecologists and pediatricians. To evaluate the specificity of any factors, we studied a control group of 42 age- and sex-matched pairs of twins, both of whom survived the first year of life. Only 11 of 114 characteristics were significantly related to SIDS: future victims had a smaller weight and height at birth, stayed longer in the nursery, and followed a moving object with their eyes, had head control, and smiled at a later age than their surviving siblings. They also fatigued more often during feeding (11/42) and had reduced arm and neck tonus (9/42). They were described as longer sleepers than their surviving siblings. During sleep, some SIDS twins, but no surviving twin, were found to be cyanotic at least once or pale (4/42) and were repeatedly covered with abundant sweat (8/42). In the control group of normal twins, the occurrence of most of these characteristics was found with a frequency comparable to that seen in the SIDS infants; the specificity of these characteristics is thus considered doubtful. The mean birth weight and height were significantly greater in the control group, and no control infant had an episode of cyanosis or pallor or repeated episodes of profuse sweating observed during their sleep. It is concluded that, if further research validates the occurrence of night hyperhydrosis in some future SIDS victims, this symptom could be a clinical risk factor.

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