scholarly journals When dogs meow: an electrophysiological study of lexical-semantic processing in toddlers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirella Manfredi ◽  
Moritz M. Daum
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Two Age Groups

The goal of this study was to investigate lexical–semantic processing at an early phase of language development. Adults often communicate with children using infant-directed speech that typically involves lexical and syntactic modifications such as onomatopoeias (Soderstrom, 2007).Here we asked how and when children start to show an advantage for processing conventional linguistic forms, such as common nouns, and consequently decreasing sensitivity to onomatopoeias. We recorded event-related brain potentials in children of two age groups (16 to 20 months and 24 to 30 months) and in an adult control group during the presentation of the four conditions in which either common nouns or onomatopoeias were presented auditorily followed by either a congruent or incongruent image. The younger children showed a N400 effect only for onomatopoeic words, while the older children showed a N400 effect only for common nouns. The adults show N400 for onomatopoeia and nouns. These different N400 effects suggest that these categories are differently organized in children’s semantic memory and that the acquisition of linguistic abilities affects and modifies semantic processing of different lexical information.

scholarly journals Phonotactic Knowledge and Lexical-Semantic Processing in One-year-olds: Brain Responses to Words and Nonsense Words in Picture Contexts

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1785-1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Friedrich ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Lexical Priming ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

During their first year of life, infants not only acquire probabilistic knowledge about the phonetic, prosodic, and phonotactic organization of their native language, but also begin to establish first lexical-semantic representations. The present study investigated the sensitivity to phonotactic regularities and its impact on semantic processing in 1-year-olds. We applied the method of event-related brain potentials to 12-and 19-month-old children and to an adult control group. While looking at pictures of known objects, subjects listened to spoken nonsense words that were phonotactically legal (pseudowords) or had phonotactically illegal word onsets (nonwords), or to real words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture contents. In 19-month-olds and in adults, incongruous words and pseudowords, but not non-words, elicited an N400 known to reflect mechanisms of semantic integration. For congruous words, the N400 was attenuated by semantic priming. In contrast, 12-month-olds did not show an N400 difference, neither between pseudo-and nonwords nor between incongruous and congruous words. Both 1-year-old groups and adults additionally displayed a lexical priming effect for congruous words, that is, a negativity starting around 100 msec after words onset. One-year-olds, moreover, displayed a phonotactic familiarity effect, that is, a widely distributed negativity starting around 250 msec in 19-month-olds but occurring later in 12-month-olds. The results imply that both lexical priming and phonotactic familiarity already affect the processing of acoustic stimuli in children at 12 months of age. In 19-month-olds, adult-like mechanisms of semantic integration are present in response to phonotactically legal, but not to phonotactically illegal, nonsense words, indicating that children at this age treat pseudo-words, but not nonwords, as potential word candidates.

scholarly journals Comparison of esophageal motility impairment caused by Chagas' disease in two age groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Oliveira Dantas ◽  
Lilian Rose Otoboni Aprile
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Esophageal Motility ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Lower Amplitude ◽  
Two Age Groups

BACKGROUND: Chagas' disease and the aging process cause loss of neurons of the esophageal myenteric plexus. AIM: To evaluate the esophageal motility impairment caused by Chagas' disease in two age groups. Our hypothesis was that the aging process may cause further esophageal motility impairment in patients with Chagas' disease. METHODS: We studied the esophageal motility of 30 patients with Chagas' disease and dysphagia, with esophageal retention of barium sulfate and an esophageal diameter within the normal range. Fifteen were 34 to 59 years old (younger group, median 51 years) and 15 were 61 to 77 years old (older group, median 66 years). As a control group we studied 15 subjects aged 33 to 58 years (median 42 years) and 7 subjects aged 61 to 73 years (median 66 years). The esophageal contractions were measured by the manometric method with continuous perfusion after five swallows of a 5 mL bolus of water at 2, 7, 12 and 17 cm below the upper esophageal sphincter. RESULTS: Patients with Chagas' disease had lower amplitude of contractions and fewer peristaltic, more simultaneous, and more non-conducted contractions than controls. Older patients with Chagas' disease had lower amplitude of contractions in the distal esophagus (mean ± SE: 30.8 ± 4.3 mm Hg) than younger patients (51.9 ± 8.6 mm Hg). From 12 to 17 cm, older patients had more non-conducted (41%) and fewer peristaltic (8%) contractions than younger patients (non-conducted: 16%, peristaltic: 21%). CONCLUSION: Older patients with Chagas' disease with clinical and radiological examinations similar to those of younger patients had motility alterations suggesting that the aging process may cause further deterioration of esophageal motility.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Speaking Rate in Preschool Children Who Stutter

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Dailey Hall ◽  
Ofer Amir ◽  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Rate Of Speech

Both clinical and theoretical interest in stuttering as a disorder of speech motor control has led to numerous investigations of speaking rate in people who stutter. The majority of these studies, however, has been conducted with adult and school-age groups. Most studies of preschoolers have included older children. Despite the ongoing theoretical and clinical focus on speaking rate in young children who stutter and their parents, no longitudinal or cross-sectional studies have been conducted to answer questions about the possible developmental link between stuttering and the rate of speech, or about differences in rate development between preschool children who stutter and normally fluent children. This investigation compared changes in articulatory rate over a period of 2 years in subgroups of preschool-age children who stutter and normally fluent children. Within the group of stuttering children, comparisons also were made between those who exhibited persistent stuttering and those who eventually recovered without intervention. Furthermore, the study compared two metrics of articulatory rate. Spontaneous speech samples, collected longitudinally over a 2-year period, were analyzed acoustically to determine speaking rate measured in number of syllables and phones per second. Results indicated no differences among the 3 groups when articulation rate was measured in syllables per second. Using the phones per second measure, however, significant group differences were found when comparing the control group to the recovered and persistent groups.

Audiovisual speech recalibration in children*

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
SABINE VAN LINDEN ◽  
JEAN VROOMEN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Exposure Phase ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
Speech Identification ◽  
Two Age Groups

ABSTRACTIn order to examine whether children adjust their phonetic speech categories, children of two age groups, five-year-olds and eight-year-olds, were exposed to a video of a face saying /aba/ or /ada/ accompanied by an auditory ambiguous speech sound halfway between /b/ and /d/. The effect of exposure to these audiovisual stimuli was measured on subsequently delivered auditory-only speech identification trials. Results were compared to a control condition in which the audiovisual exposure stimuli contained non-ambiguous and congruent sounds /aba/ or /ada/. The older children learned to categorize the initially ambiguous speech sound in accord with the previously seen lip-read information (i.e. recalibration), but this was not the case for the younger age group. Moreover, all children displayed a tendency to report the stimulus that they were exposed to during the exposure phase. Methodological improvements for adjusting such a response bias are discussed.

scholarly journals SOVIETISMS IN “CHERNOBYL” MINISERIES: TRANSLATION AND LINGVOCULURAL ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Kateryna Bondarenko ◽  
◽  
Olena Shapovalova ◽  
Sofia Balan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
The Given ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Two Age Groups

The article examines the Sovietisms used in “Chernobyl” miniseries produced by HBO. Lexical semantic groups as sets of paradigmatically and semantically related lexical means are detected and analised. The key role in the text part of HBO’s miniseries “Chernobyl” produced by HBO is played by the nominations of Soviet authorities (23% of the researched Sovietisms), Soviet awards (7%), Soviet authorities’ positions (25%), NPP workers’ positions (9%), Soviet institutions and buildings (11%), Soviet phrases and slogans (25%). The article discusses the Sovietisms’ ambivalence as perceived by the representatives of post-Soviet countries and other lingvocultures. The Sovietisms’ identification in modern Ukrainian society is checked through a survey of 40 respondents of two age groups: the generation that was born in post-Soviet independent Ukraine (aged from 14 to 25) and older generation, people who were born and lived in USSR (aged from 37 to 65). The results of the survey show that older generations identify the Soviet realia clearer than young generation that recognizes only up to 51% sovietisms. These issues include, but are not restricted to, the reception of the given audiovisual methods, techniques and transformations, and the different ways in which the translation process is accomplished in different countries. The data obtained must be thoroughly considered when adapting audiovisual products for different audiences. The main means of the Sovietisms’ adaptation for English (original) version of the miniseries contextual interpretation (84%) and transliteration (16%). The discussion of the study will contribute to assessing the potential multinational studies in audiovisual translation, thus offering indications on future methodological developments and enabling more detailed and structured comparisons. The material analysed in the article can be used for adaptation of audiovisual products for the Ukrainian audience and for tourist services’ improvement, including accompanying foreign tourists to the Chornobyl Zone.

scholarly journals Appendicitis in Children: Evaluation of the Pediatric Appendicitis Score in Younger and Older Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Salö ◽  
Gustav Friman ◽  
Pernilla Stenström ◽  
Bodil Ohlsson ◽  
Einar Arnbjörnsson
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Suspected Appendicitis ◽  
Abdominal Examination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Appendicitis Score ◽  
Two Age Groups

Background. This study aimed to evaluate Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS), diagnostic delay, and factors responsible for possible late diagnosis in children <4 years compared with older children who were operated on for suspected appendicitis.Method. 122 children, between 1 and 14 years, operated on with appendectomy for suspected appendicitis, were retrospectively analyzed. The cohort was divided into two age groups: ≥4 years (n=102) and <4 years (n=20).Results. The mean PAS was lower among the younger compared with the older patients (5.3 and 6.6, resp.;P=0.005), despite the fact that younger children had more severe appendicitis (75.0% and 33.3%, resp.;P=0.001). PAS had low sensitivity in both groups, with a significantly lower sensitivity among the younger patients. Parent and doctor delay were confirmed in children <4 years of age with appendicitis. PAS did not aid in patients with doctor delay. Parameters in patient history, symptoms, and abdominal examination were more diffuse in younger children.Conclusion. PAS should be used with caution when examining children younger than 4 years of age. Diffuse symptoms in younger children with acute appendicitis lead to delay and to later diagnosis and more complicated appendicitis.

Cognitive Styles of Young Ice Hockey Players

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Talbot ◽  
Gaston Godin ◽  
Denis Drouin ◽  
Claude Goulet
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Teaching Program ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Two Age Groups ◽  
Total Test

The Children's Embedded Figures Test was used to document field dependency among a group of 60 young French-Canadian hockey players enrolled in a structured ice hockey teaching program. The median age (8 yr., 4 mo.) was kept to form two age groups. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between age groups in total test scores and in both Tent and House series; the older children scored more field-independent.

scholarly journals Semantic processing in children 0 to 6 years of age: an N400 analysis

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tâmara Andrade Lindau ◽  
Célia Maria Giacheti ◽  
Isabella Bonamigo da Silva ◽  
Deisy das Graças de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Older Children ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Degree Of Control

ABSTRACT This study consists of a literature review about the semantic processing in children 0 to 6 years of age and an N400 data analysis. Twenty-four studies that met the eligibility criteria were found. Most studies aimed to investigate and characterize the electrophysiological patterns of younger children as compared to those found in older children and adults. A large variability of employed experimental tasks was found, showing that there are various investigation alternatives in this perspective. In general, the joint analysis of the results pointed out that despite the different objectives, types of experimental tasks and degrees of language skills (i.e., typical development or different conditions), age was a relevant factor in establishing the presence or not of the N400 effect and its lateralization. When present, the N400 effect showed that the latency and amplitude of the wave decline according to age. However, the variability of procedures can affect the degree of control and the data reliability. For further studies, the development of a standard protocol to investigate the semantic processing by means of the N400 effect data in different populations is an important step and a strong recommendation for the area.

scholarly journals Innovative new methods. From theory to practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Alina-Cristiana Cîrjă ◽  
Florina-Ancuța Duminică
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Education Theory ◽  
Child Centered ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract This article is related about the implementation of an experience based approach when teaching science to preschoolers. The research was done with the idea in mind of "learning by doing" derived from the Child Centered Education theory of Pedagogy. The experimental group was formed of 15 children aged 4-5 years who have been taught about the concept of water circuit in nature by a group of 3rd graders who used the experimental method. The same concept was presented only by the teacher to a control group (N=15). The level of comprehension of the concept was measured to see if there were differences between the two groups. The experimental group scored higher in comprehension, memorisation and practice than the control group. The main focus of the study is to develop an environment where classes are associated by different levels (primary and preschool) so that the older children can teach younger children concepts otherwise hard to understand. Alternative educational groupings could generate a more profound comprehension of difficult subjects. The results of the study encourage the idea of breaking lines between age-groups and subjects. The current generation has found interest in technology development, regardless of age. Also, the older children can use their theory comprehension filters as foundation for teaching structures to younger children. The guided use of technology in the classroom should be the main preoccupation of teachers in order to enhance student performance and love for learning. Such pairing methods can help both teachers and students together. We believe this program can be multiplied in any school.

Motion Lexicalization in Chinese among Heritage Language Children in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-296
Author(s):  
Youran Lin ◽  
Elena Nicoladis
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Second Language Speakers ◽  
Heritage Language Speakers ◽  
Two Age Groups

Heritage language speaking children often show signs of attrition, particularly as they get older and are educated in the majority language of the society where they live. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that simplification is one process of attrition for heritage language speakers. We tested this hypothesis on the expression of motion events among children who are first language speakers of Mandarin Chinese and early second language speakers of English, the majority language in this community. We compared their motion expressions to those of monolingual Mandarin-speaking children living in mainland China. Two age groups were included: younger children (4-6 years, not yet in school) and older children (8-10 years; in school for two to five years). The children watched a cartoon and recounted the story. We coded the motion expressions used in their retellings. The results showed that the older bilingual children showed clear signs of attrition, particularly simplification, but also some signs of cross-linguistic influence from English. These results suggest that attrition in a heritage language can quickly follow the onset of schooling in the majority language.

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