Earnings Premium in State Jobs Across Urban China

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Ma ◽  
Patrick Paul Walsh ◽  
Liming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Earnings Differential ◽  
Chip Data ◽  
Pure Premium ◽  
Step Selection

Using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, we find a 30 percent raw differential in earnings in favor of state workers in 2002. We examine the degree to which this differential is a pure premium by using a Heckman two-step selection model, where we instrument workers’ preference for state jobs with family political connections, among other factors. We find that 22 percent of the observed earnings differential is a pure premium to a worker in a state job in urban China. In the absence of a political transition in China, state jobs remained the privileged constituency in a dual-track transition that attracted the best politically connected workers in urban China and offered them a pure earnings premium.

scholarly journals Impacts of household income on beef at-home consumption: Evidence from urban China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1701-1715
Author(s):  
Wen-bo ZHU ◽  
Yong-fu CHEN ◽  
Jing ZHAO ◽  
Bei-bei WU
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Home Consumption ◽  
At Home

Exploring Teacher Attrition in Urban China through Interplay of Wages and Well-being

2020 ◽  
pp. 001312452095841
Author(s):  
Ji Liu
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Attrition ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Panel Regression

Teacher attrition is a chronic challenge facing many education systems, and has been shown to negatively impact education quality and equity. Common explanations rooted in occupational choice theory identify pecuniary and non-pecuniary rewards as critical factors in motivating and retaining teachers. Using China Household Income Project (CHIP) urban dataset, which contains detailed information on teacher career decisions, this study examines these theoretical stipulations by simultaneously modeling teacher career decisions, wage compensation, and on-the-job well-being. Probit panel regression results demonstrate that a 10% increase in teacher wage and well-being gaps, relative to comparable professionals, predicts a 7.9% and 32% lower probability of retention respectively, with effects mostly operating through teacher well-being.

MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450005 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUHENG DENG ◽  
JINJUN XUE
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita

Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.

A Room of One's Own: Housing Consumption and Residential Crowding in Transitional Urban China

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youqin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
City Size ◽  
Housing Consumption ◽  
Housing Reform ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Room Of One's Own ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the level and examine the dynamics of housing consumption and residential crowding in urban China almost a decade after the housing reform was launched. I argue that housing consumption and residential crowding are affected not only by demographic and socio-economic factors, as they are in market economies, but also by institutional factors that are unique to China because of the dualism in housing reform. Using a 1996 national survey, I find that the level of housing consumption is still low and residential crowding is common. A room of one's own continues to be a dream for most Chinese. However, Chinese households now have more control over their housing, and their housing behaviors are beginning to share similarities with the West. For example, life cycle, household income, housing tenure, and city size have similar effects on housing consumption and residential crowding as they do in Western housing markets. It is still clear, however, that the socialist institution—the hukou system—continues to influence housing consumption, although to a lesser extent than in the prereform period. Households with rural or temporary hukou are at a disadvantage in the housing market, in the sense that they occupy less spacious housing and suffer more from residential crowding than do those with urban and permanent hukou. Yet, these last are more constrained by institutional variables such as job and work-unit characteristics, which affect housing consumption differently across cities.

scholarly journals Smallholders Beef Cattle Commercialization in Southwest Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Kassa ◽  
Tegegn Fantahun ◽  
Desalegn Anshiso
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
Step Selection ◽  
Cattle Market

Abstract In this study, the beef cattle markets in Southwest Ethiopia are analyzed based on a survey of 172 producers. The first part emphasized the characterization and commercialization of the beef cattle market in the study area. The second part is dedicated to identifying the factors affecting households’ participation in the beef cattle market using the Heckman two-step selection model. In the findings, the beef cattle market is characterized by the dominance of few traders, asymmetric information, lack of contract enforcement, lack of transparency among market actors, and poorly developed market infrastructure. There is very low net commercial off-take rate of cattle for smallholder farmers in the study area. The result from the Heckman two-step selection model revealed that having positive stock of cattle, better access to extension service & feed, and a better level of literacy enhanced market participation and sales volume. On the contrary, market participation and sales volume were negatively affected by cattle keeper’s age, non-livestock income, and poor road and health infrastructure. The study suggested that improving the market and health infrastructure, providing capacity building for producers, and improving access to feed could enhance the intensity of smallholder beef cattle market participation.

scholarly journals Explaining Individual Subjective Well-Being of Urban China Based on the Four-Capital Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Binbin Liu ◽  
Dajian Zhu ◽  
Mingwang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Per Capita

A growing body of literature explains subjective well-being (SWB) from different perspectives. The statement of “built, human, social, and natural capital are necessary determinants of SWB” is named the four-capital model. Based on a cross-sectional dataset in 2013, which included 3293 individuals and covered the urban areas of most provinces in China, this paper employs the four-capital model to explain individual SWB of urban China. We select individual income and household income per capita as proxies of built capital; physical health and education as proxies of human capital; social connection and social trust as proxies of social capital; and air quality as a proxy of natural capital. In the four-capital model, household income per capita and physical health have almost the same and larger positive impacts on individual SWB of urban China; social connection, social trust, and air quality have smaller and diminishing positive impacts on individual SWB of urban China; and individual income and education are statistically insignificant. The empirical results offer guidance on how to achieve human-centered urbanization for China. This paper provides insights into how to further improve human well-being of urban residents in China and the applicability of the four-capital model in explaining SWB at the individual level.

Trends in the Gender Earnings Differential in Urban China, 1988–2004

ILR Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junsen Zhang ◽  
Jun Han ◽  
Pak-Wai Liu ◽  
Yaohui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Urban China ◽  
Earnings Differential

China's Household Income and Its Distribution, 1995 and 2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 356-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizur Rahman Khan ◽  
Carl Riskin
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Urban China ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Western Development ◽  
Urban Rural

A new, independently designed household income survey for China in 2002 shows some decline in income inequality in both rural and urban China since 1995. However, the overall Gini ratio for China remained unchanged due to a rise in the urban–rural income gap. The reduction in rural inequality stemmed mainly from a fall in both inter-provincial inequality and inequality within most of the provinces, as well as from a further improvement in the distribution of wage income and farm income and a reduction in the regressiveness of net taxes. The reduction in urban inequality came from a fall in inter-provincial inequality and better distribution of imputed rental income and net taxes. The results raise questions about whether recent more equity-oriented policies, such as the “great western development strategy,” began to reduce some dimensions of overall income inequality. For the first time, a special survey was implemented to furnish data on migrants living in towns and cities. Incorporating the migrants into the urban population raises urban inequality and reduces the urban–rural gap somewhat, but leaves the latter still very high by international standards.

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